<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>Gezondheidsraad                               Voorzitter
Health Council of the Netherlands
Aan de Staatssecretaris van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid
Onderwerp            : Aanbieding adviezen herevaluatie bestuurlijke MAC-waarden
Uw kenmerk           : ARBO/AMIL/97/00648
Ons kenmerk          : U 2706/CB/MP/563-O3
Bijlagen             : 18
Datum                : 14 december 2000
Mijnheer de staatssecretaris,
Op verzoek van uw ambtsvoorganger bied ik u hierbij de eerste adviezen aan van een
reeks over de gezondheidskundige basis van uit het buitenland overgenomen
grenswaarden voor beroepsmatige blootstelling aan stoffen. Het verzoek om deze
adviezen is in algemene zin vervat in brief nr ARBO/AMIL/97/00648 en in latere stadia
door uw departement toegespitst op afzonderlijke stoffen. De adviezen zijn opgesteld
door een daartoe door mij geformeerde internationale commissie van de Gezondheidsraad
en beoordeeld door de Beraadsgroep Gezondheid en Omgeving.
     De beoogde reeks van in het Engels gestelde adviezen zal losbladig worden
gepubliceerd onder ons publicatienummer 2000/15OSH en, conform de aan de
Gezondheidsraad voorgelegde toespitsingen van de adviesaanvraag, betrekking hebben
op 168 stoffen. Het u thans aangeboden eerste pakket bestaat uit een Algemene Inleiding
(publicatienummer 2000/15OSH/000) en uit de adviezen genummerd 2000/15OSH/001
tot en met 2000/15OSH/017, respectievelijk betrekking hebbend op:
cesiumhydroxide, cyclopentaan, diboraan, dimethoxymethaan, dipropylketon,
fenylfosfine, germaniumtetrahydride, hexachloornaftaleen, methaanthiol,
methylcyclohexanol, methylisopropylketon, mica, natriumhydroxide,
octachloornaftaleen, silaan, tetrachloornaftaleen, en yttrium en yttriumverbindingen.
     Bij afronding van de werkzaamheden van de hierboven bedoelde commissie ontvangt
u een Nederlandstalige samenvatting van de in de gehele reeks van adviezen neergelegde
bevindingen.
Bezoekadres                                                                  Postadres
Parnassusplein 5                                                             Postbus 16052
2511 VX Den Haag                                                             2500 BB Den Haag
Telefoon (070) 340 75 20                                                     Telefax (070) 340 75 23
email: GR@gr.nl
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<pre>Gezondheidsraad
Health Council of the Netherlands
Onderwerp            : Herevaluatie uit het buitenland overgenomen grenswaarden
Ons kenmerk          :U
Pagina               :2
Datum                : 14 december 2000
    De u thans aangeboden adviezen heb ik vandaag ter informatie doen toekomen aan
de Minister van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport en aan de Minister van
Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer.
Hoogachtend,
prof. dr JJ Sixma
Bezoekadres                                                                   Postadres
Parnassusplein 5                                                              Postbus 16052
2511 VX Den Haag                                                              2500 BB Den Haag
Telefoon (070) 340 75 20                                                      Telefax (070) 340 75 23
email: GR@gr.nl
</pre>

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<pre>      Sodium hydroxide
      (CAS reg no: 1310-73-2)
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/015, The Hague, 14 December 2000
015-1
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<pre>      Preferred citation:
      Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
      Exposure Limits. Sodium hydroxide; Health-based Reassessment of
      Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of
      the Netherlands, 2000; 2000/15OSH/015.
      all rights reserved
015-2
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of sodium
      hydroxide by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by JJC Paulussen, M.Sc., and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO
      Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, the Netherlands).
          The evaluation of the toxicity of sodium hydroxide has been based on the
      review by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      (ACG91). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and
      evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, literature was retrieved
      from the online data bases Medline, Toxline, and Chemical Abstracts covering
      the period 1966 to 26 February 1998 (19980226/UP), 1965 to 24 February 1998
      (19980224/ED), and 1967 to 3 March 1998 (980303/ED; vol 128, iss 10),
      respectively. Medline was searched with the CAS Registry Number 1310-73-2
      and the names sodium hydroxide, caustic soda, Na OH, and NaOH, Toxline
      with the CAS Registry Number 1310-73-2 only, and CA with 1310-73-2 (in the
      Sections “Toxicology” and “Air polution and industrial hygiene” only). HSDB
      and RTECS, data bases available from CD-ROM, were consulted as well
      (NIO98, NLM98). The final literature search has been carried out in March
      1998.
          In March 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. Comments were received by the following
      individuals and organizations: A Aalto (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health,
      Tampere, Finland), AG Berends (Solvay S.A., Brussels, Belgium), dr P
      Wardenbach (Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Dortmund,
      Germany). These comments were taken into account in deciding on the final
      version of the document.
015-3 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>2     Identity
       name                              :    sodium hydroxide
       synonyms                          :    caustic soda
                                              lye
                                              caustic flake
                                              liquid caustic
                                              sodium hydrate
       molecular formula                 :    NaOH
       CAS reg nr                        :    1310-73-2
      Data from ACG91 and Pie93.
3     Physical and chemical properties
       molecular weight                  :    40.01
       boiling point                     :    1390ºC
       melting point                     :    318.4ºC
       flash point                       :    -
       vapour pressure                   :    -
       solubility                        :    soluble in water (420 g/l at 0ºC)
                                              insoluble in acetone and ether
                                              very soluble in alcohol and glycerine
       log Poct/water                    :    -
       conversion factors                :    -
       (20ºC, 101.3 kPa)
      Data from ACG91 and Pie93.
      Sodium hydroxide is a white, corrosive, alkaline, deliquescent solid, which can
      be encountered in various forms (pellets, flakes, sticks, cakes). It can also be in
      solutions, usually 45-75% in water. A 1% solution has a pH of 13. Sodium
      hydroxide rapidly absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air. When
      dissolving it in water, which is an exothermic process, mists can be formed.
           According to Cooper et al, atmospheric humidity determines whether
      sodium hydroxide aerosol particles will be solid or liquid. Dry particles will
      become droplets if humidity exceeds 35%. Anyway, the residence time of these
      sodium hydroxide particles in the atmosphere is seconds only, and sodium
015-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      carbonate particles (probably solid Na2CO3.10H2O particles) are formed rapidly
      (Coo79).
4     Uses
      Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of chemicals, rayon, soap and
      other detergents, pulp and paper, petroleum products, cellophane and textiles,
      and explosives. It is also used in metal descaling and processing, and in
      batteries (ACG91).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      No data have been found on the metabolism of sodium hydroxide per se.
          In view of the chemical properties, the humidity of the nasal passages and
      the upper respiratory tract, and the high CO2 concentrations in the upper
      respiratory tract, conversion to the less alkaline sodium carbonate is likely to
      occur rapidly after inhalation of sodium hydroxide.
          Since sodium hydroxide is fully ionized, some data on the metabolism of
      sodium summarized by US EPA (Mar88) will be presented.
          Radiolabeled sodium appeared promptly in the blood after application to
      the intact skin and after (amongst others) subcutaneous and intramuscular
      injection. After ingestion, it appeared in the blood of man after 3 minutes.
          Following injection of radiolabeled sodium to man, the elimination
      occurred in three phases with biological half-lifes of 8.5 days (49% of the dose
      administered), 13.5 days (51%), and 460 days (0.4%). The urine is the main
      excretion route, but small amounts are excreted in other body discharges (e.g.
      faeces, sweat, tears) as well.
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      The corrosive properties of alkaline materials in general and of sodium
      hydroxide in particular to the skin and eyes are well documented by human
      case reports (Kuc93, Moo83, NIO75).
          In a recently reported human 4-hour patch test, sodium hydroxide (0.5%)
      was a very clear skin irritant in several test facilities. About half of the
      volunteers reacted so vigorously after just one hour of treatment that exposure
015-5 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>      for a greater duration was not undertaken (Gri97). In an in vitro skin corrosion
      test based on the use of reconstructed human skin cultures, a 10% solution of
      sodium hydroxide reduced cell viability significantly, and was judged to be
      corrosive (Per96).
           There are only a few reports on the effects following exposure to sodium
      hydroxide aerosols or mists. In the first edition of ‘Patty’s’ published in 1949,
      it was stated that based on experience with caustic mists with concentrations of
      1 to 40 mg/m3, a concentration of 2 mg/m3 would be noticeably, but not
      excessively, irritant (ACG91, NIO75, Smy56). However, this statement was not
      included in the most recent editions (Pie93, Wan81). Furthermore, it was stated
      that sodium hydroxide concentrations of 250 mg/m3 are immediately dangerous
      to life or health (Pie93), but no reference was given.
           In two reports, both effects and concentrations have been described.
      Irritation of the nose, throat, or eyes was observed in workers engaged in
      cleaning operations where concentrations up to 0.7 mg/m3 were found.
      However, the workers were exposed to other compounds as well among which
      Stoddard solvent, also an irritant, for which concentrations as high as 780
      mg/m3 were present (ACG91, NIO75). In another unpublished study, eye or
      throat irritation was reported in a small number of users of an oven spray at
      concentrations up to approximately 2 mg/m3 for up to 15 minutes. However,
      other compounds may have been involved and the sampling and analytical
      procedures may have been compromised (NIO75). Two cases of obstructive
      airway injury and one case of pneumothorax ascribed to exposure to aerosols
      from sodium hydroxide-containing products (caustic soda, boiling lye solution)
      have been reported (Han91, Nas88, Rub92).
           No increase in mortality in relation to duration or intensity of exposure to
      caustic dust was found in a group of 265 workers for periods ranging from less
      than 1 year to up to 30 years. Based on measurements and subjective response
      data, time-weighted average exposure levels were estimated to be
      approximately 0.5 to 2 mg/m3, depending on the job. Medical record data
      showed that medical aid was sought more for skin contact than for eye contact
      and least for inhalation (Ott77).
           No clinically or statistically significant changes in lung function were found
      in 14 male volunteers with mild asthma following 20-min exposures to alkaline
      aerosol concentrations of 10-120 mg/m3. The aerosols were stated to consist of
      sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate with some sodium hydroxide. The mass
      median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol was 1 µm, the pH 9.8 to 10.3
      (Esc91).
015-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>           There are many accounts of accidental and suicidal poisonings with sodium
      hydroxide, describing the corrosive effects following oral exposure. Necrosis of
      the mouth, oesophagus, and gastric mucosa, and hypersalivation, emesis,
      cardiovascular collapse, tracheal obstruction and dyspnea, retching, and severe
      pain may occur. Ingestion might be fatal, as a result of, e.g., shock, infection of
      the corroded tissues, pulmonary necrosis, or asphyxia (ACG91, NIO75, Tra74).
      Several cases of oesophageal carcinomas in patients with chronic oesophageal
      stricture due to the ingestion of lye have been presented. It was suggested that
      these carcinomas might have been the result of tissue destruction and scar
      formation due to the caustic effects of sodium hydroxide itself rather than a
      carcinogenic potential (Mar88).
      Animal data
      Irritation
      In rabbits, mice, and pigs, sodium hydroxide was reported to be irritating as a
      1% solution and corrosive at higher concentrations after dermal application
      (ECB95). Four-hour dermal exposure of rabbits to a 5% solution caused severe
      necrosis of the skin (Ric94, ACG91). Furthermore, it is reported that a 2%
      solution was corrosive, while a 1% solution was not (Ver77). When tested for
      eye irritation in rabbits, no or hardly any irritation (maximum Draize score: 3)
      was seen following instillation of 0.01, 0.03, or 0.1 ml of a 0.5% solution.
      Instillation of 0.003 ml of a 10% solution was irritating (Draize score: 22), but
      the eyes returned to normal by day 7. Instillation of 0.01, 0.03, or 0.1 ml
      caused permanent damage at the higher doses of such severity that the animals
      had to be killed (Gri80). In a separate study performed according to OECD test
      guideline 405, 0.1 ml of a 1% or 10% solution of sodium hydroxide was
      irritating and severely irritating, respectively. Effects induced by the 1%
      solution were reversible, but those induced by the 10 % solution were still
      present at the end of the 21-day observation period (Bag92, ECE92). When 0.1
      ml of a 1% solution was instilled into the eyes of a monkey according to the
      method of Draize, no eye irritation was observed. However, when a device
      developed to permit an insult to the cornea without a corresponding insult to
      the conjunctiva was used, a definite opacification and central ulceration was
      noted which definitely improved by day 7. In rabbits, treatment according to
      ‘Draize’ produced considerable conjunctivitis, iritis, and a slight to moderate
015-7 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>      corneal opacity which returned to normal by day 14, while using the device,
      permanent corneal damage occurred (Bue64).
      Acute toxicity
      Young and adult rats were exposed for 2 hours to 65 (nose-only) or 250-3200
      (whole-body) mg/m3 of aerosols generated by melting sodium and passing the
      vapour into an ageing chamber to reach equilibrium with atmospheric carbon
      and water and stabilize its particle size before flowing into the 1 m3 exposure
      chamber. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosols was usually
      between 0.5 and 1.5 µm with a geometric standard deviation of approximately
      3. The larynx appeared to be the target organ. No effects were seen on the nasal
      turbinates, lungs, oesophagus, and stomach. In addition, exposure did not
      result in skin or eye damage (it is noted that most skin is protected by fur and
      most animals kept eyelids closed during exposure, thus protecting conjunctiva
      and cornea). No effects were seen in the young and adult rats (n=12/group)
      nose-only exposed to 65 mg/m3. Whole-body exposure to 3200 mg/m3 killed 6
      out of 11 (6/11) rats (only adults exposed), while another 3 died during the
      10-day postexposure period. No mortality was observed in the other
      experiments (highest concentration: 940 mg/m3). Incidence and severity of the
      effects were higher for young than for adult rats. As to adult rats, no laryngitis
      was observed in animals exposed to 280 mg/m3. After exposure to 340 mg/m3,
      1/6 and 2/5 animals killed after 1 hour and 1 day, respectively, were affected;
      after exposure to 550 mg/m3 (the next higher level) incidences were 2/6 and
      3/6, respectively. The aerosols mainly consisted of Na2CO3. Using dilution air
      with a 85% relative humidity or from which all CO2 had been removed, an
      aerosol consisting of a high percentage of hydroxide or 100% hydroxide,
      respectively, could be generated. However, when flowing into the exposure
      chamber, the hydroxide rapidly reacted with CO2 exhaled by the rats to form an
      aerosol primarily consisting of Na2CO3 (Zwi79).
          From experiments performed in the 1930s, it may be concluded that rabbits
      may survive single oral doses up to 200 mg/kg bw, and that doses higher than
      400 mg/kg bw will be lethal (Tra74). Oral intubation of a 4% solution of
      sodium hydroxide caused mucosal and submucosal necrosis of the oesophagus
      in 10 seconds in rabbits. A 12% solution eroded into the muscles, and a 28%
      solution caused perforations (ACG91).
015-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>          For acute dermal toxicity, an LD50 of 1350 mg/kg in rabbits was reported
      (ECB95). Intraperitoneal injection in mice gave an LD50 of 40 mg/kg (Ric94,
      ECB95).
      Repeated dose toxicity
      In a study reported in a Czechoslovakian journal, 10 female white rats were
      exposed to aerosols generated from a 40% sodium hydroxide solution for two
      daily periods of 30 min for 2.5 months. The sodium hydroxide concentrations
      were not specified. After 3 weeks, exposure was interrupted for 10 days,
      because animals badly tolerated exposure. At necropsy one week after ending
      exposure, the lungs were grayish-brown coloured, resembling those of the
      control animals (n=5). However, histological examination revealed a number of
      changes in the lungs of the exposed animals, while no changes were seen in the
      controls (NIO75).
          No toxic effects (not specified), effects on body or organ weights, or
      microscopic lesions (only one animal examined) were observed in 5 female rats
      intubated with approximately 1 mg/kg bw sodium hydroxide, 3 times a week,
      for 93 days (study from 1941, cited in LSR76, NIO75)
          In rats (strain unknown; males: 2-3/group; females: 4/group; no controls;
      study duration not indicated) given drinking water containing 0.5 and 1.0%
      sodium hydroxide (approx. 500, 1000 mg/kg bw*), stunted growth,
      nervousness, irritability, sore eyes, and diarrhoea were observed in the
      high-dose group. No such effects were reported in the low-dose group. None of
      the females conceived at either dose level (study from 1932, cited in LSR76,
      NIO75).
      Carcinogenicity
      In a skin painting study, application of a 10% solution (amount unknown)
      twice weekly (duration unknown) induced a benign tumour in 1/7 mice, while
      in the positive control group treated with 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene malignant
      tumours were found in 16/33 mice. There was no untreated or a pH control
      group in this study (study from 1935 referred, cited in LSR76, NIO75).
          The potential carcinogenicity of sodium hydroxide was examined by
      intubating mice with doses up to 200 mg/kg bw, 5 times a week during the first
      few months, and three times a week thereafter (duration: 10 months), alone and
*     Calculated by assuming a body weight of 200 mg and a drinking water intake of 20 ml/day.
015-9 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>       in combination with 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. No cancerous or precancerous
       lesions were observed in the stomach of any of the mice used in this study. The
       only lesions seen were petechial haemorrhages over a very small area of the
       glandular portion of the gastric mucosa in 9% of the treated animals (study
       from 1946, cited in LSR76, NIO75).
           No increase in the incidence of intestinal metaplasia or stomach carcinomas
       or sarcomas was found in male rats (n=18) following intubation of 0.5 ml of
       0.1 N sodium hydroxide, once a week, for 12 weeks (sacrifices of 2 animals
       each at 1, 4, 18, 26, 34, 43, 58, 69 weeks from the start of the experiment). In
       the upper one-third of the pyloric glands ulceration was found and in the focal
       area a generative cell zone was involved in the ulceration. In animals given
       100 µg/ml N-ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) in their drinking
       water for 12 weeks, superficial and focal ulceration were found at week 1 and
       4, respectively. The appearance of intestinal metaplasia and carcinomas was
       observed sequentially (from week 26 onwards). The cumulative incidence of
       intestinal metaplasia reached about 56% at week 69. Gastric and intestinal
       carcinomas or sarcomas were found in 6/12 and 9/12 rats killed after 26 weeks,
       respectively. In neither groups, treatment had effect on the body weights. In a
       separate experiment with rats, treatment with 100 µg/ml ENNG for 12 weeks
       was followed by administration of 0.5 ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, once a
       week, for 12 weeks. Two other groups treated with ENNG and sodium
       hydroxide alone were included as well. All animals were killed after 56 weeks.
       Comparable incidences of intestinal metaplasia were found in the group
       receiving ENNG alone and the group receiving both ENNG and sodium
       hydroxide, while the incidence in the sodium hydroxide group was a factor 3
       lower. In the latter group, no carcinomas were found in the stomach or small
       intestine. Incidences of stomach carcinomas (well-differentiated
       adenocarcinomas + signet-ring cell carcinomas) were 2/6 and 8/14 in the
       ENNG-treated and the ENNG/sodium hydroxide-treated group, respectively.
       No statistical analysis was presented (Koj87).
           In a study on experimental asbestosis in rats inhaling chrysotile dusts, one
       group was pre-treated by intratracheal application of 0.05 ml of a 5% aqueous
       sodium hydroxide solution in order to impair clearance from the lungs of
       subsequent inhaled chrysotile dusts. Eleven out of 81 rats receiving this
       intratracheal treatment died but the cause of death was not stated. In the
       experiment, a control group consisting of 15 animals that were treated
       intratracheally with sodium hydroxide (no details on amount and number of
015-10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>       applications) was included. No lung cancer was found in the 14 animals that
       were alive at the end of the experiment at 16 months (Gro67).
       Mutagenicity and genotoxicity
       An in vitro chromosomal aberration test with Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells
       with metabolic activation was positive. However, the clastogenic activity
       appears to be related to the non-physiological pH (Mor89). In an Ames test and
       a DNA repair test with S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA100, TA1538,
       TA98, and TA1537 and E. Coli strains WP2, WP67, and CM871, respectively,
       no mutagenic effects were observed (DeF84). In other studies, sodium
       hydroxide was reported to be not mutagenic in several E. Coli strains (WP2,
       WP2 uvr A, WP67, CM611, WP100, W3110 pol A+, p3478 pol A-, Sd-4 )
       (McC81, LSRO76).
           Sodium hydroxide did not enhance transformation of Syrian hamster
       embryo cells by a simian adenovirus, SA7 (Cas79).
       Reproduction toxicity
       Apart from a study in which sodium hydroxide (2 µl of a 1 mM solution) was
       administered intraamniotically to the foetuses in the right uterine horn of 7
       mice (foetuses of the other horn served as controls) on the 13th day of gestation,
       no studies were found on the reproduction toxicity potential of sodium
       hydroxide. This treatment did not result in teratogenic effects (parameter: cleft
       palate), but induced a high incidence of fetal lethality (45% or 11/24 foetuses
       vs 1/33 in controls) (Mar88).
7      Existing guidelines
       The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for sodium
       hydroxide in the Netherlands is a ceiling limit of 2 mg/m3.
           Existing occupational exposure limits for sodium hydroxide in some
       European countries and in the USA are summarized in the annex.
8      Assessment of health hazard
       No valid human or experimental animal studies were found in which well
       characterized exposure by inhalation of sodium hydroxide was related to
015-11 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>       systemic effects. However, sodium is a normal body electrolyte. The average
       daily intake was estimated to be 10-12 grams (Tra74). Therefore, no systemic
       effects are expected from amounts that would be taken up by inhalation at the
       maximal accepted respirable nuisance dust level of 5 mg/m3 (which results in a
       daily dose of 50 mg assuming a worker inhales 10 m3 of air during an 8-hour
       working day, and an absorption of 100%).
            However, the most outstanding effect of sodium hydroxide is its local
       irritation and corrosion. These effects on the skin and eyes of solid sodium
       hydroxide and its solutions are well documented. However, no valid data were
       available on the relationship between effects on the skin, eyes, or respiratory
       tract and concentrations of sodium hydroxide in dusts or aerosols from which
       an no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or a lowest observed adverse
       effect level (LOAEL) could be derived.
       The committee considers the toxicological data base on sodium hydroxide too
       poor to justify recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
       The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on
       the level of the present MAC-value.
       References
ACG91  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Documentation of the threshold
       limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH, 1991: 1416-7.
ACG00  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2000 TLVs® and BEIs®.
       Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological Exposure Indices.
       Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH, 2000.
Arb96  Arbejdstilsynet. Exposure limit values for substances and materials. Copenhagen, Danmark:
       Arbejdstilsynet, 1996: 30 (Instruction no 3.1.0.2).
Bag92  Bagley DM, Botham PA, Gardner JR, et al. Eye irritation: reference chemicals data bank. Toxicol In
       Vitro 1992; 6: 487-91.
Bue64  Buehler EV, Newmann EA. A comparison of eye irritation in monkeys and rabbits. Toxicol Appl
       Pharmacol 1964; 6: 701-10.
Cas79  Casto BC, Meyers J, DiPaolo JA. Enhancement of viral transformation for evaluation of the
       carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of inorganic metal salts. Cancer Res 1979; 39: 193-8.
Coo79  Cooper DW, Underhill DW, Ellenbecker MJ. A critique of the U.S. standard for industrial exposure to
       sodium hydroxide aerosols. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1979; 40: 365-71.
015-12 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>DeF84  De Flora S, Zanacchi P, Camoirano A, et al. Genotoxic activity and potency of 135 compounds in the
       Ames reversion test and in a bacterial DNA-repair test. Mutat Res 1984; 133: 161-98.
DFG99  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher
       Arbeitsstoffe. MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 1999. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und
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015-15 Sodium hydroxide
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<pre>             Annex
Occupational exposure standards for sodium hydroxide in various countries.
country                      occupational                         time-weighted         type of exposure notea      lit refb
-organisation                exposure limit                       average               limit
                             ppm             mg/m3
The Netherlands
-Ministry                    -               2                    ceiling               administrative              SZW00
Germany
-AGS                         -               2c                   ceiling                                           TRG00
-DFG MAK-Kom.                -               -d                                                                     DFG99
Great-Britain
-HSE                         -               2                    15 min                OES                         HSE99
Sweden                       -               2                    ceiling                                           NBO96
Denmark                      -               2                    ceiling                                           Arb96
USA
-ACGIH                       -               2                    15 min, ceiling       TLV                         ACG00
-OSHA                        -               2                    ceiling               PEL
-NIOSH                       -               2                    ceiling               REL
European Union
-SCOEL
a
     S = skin notation; which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
     cause sensitisation.
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
     Inhalable dust.
d
     Listed among compounds for which the toxicological information available was not sufficient to derive at an occupational
     exposure limit.
015-16       Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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