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<pre>      Thionyl chloride
      (CAS reg no: 7719-09-7)
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/028, The Hague, 13 November 2001
028-1
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<pre>      Preferred citation:
      Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
      Exposure Limits. Thionyl chloride; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands,
      2001; 2000/15OSH/028.
      all rights reserved
028-2
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of thionyl
      chloride by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by AAE Wibowo, Ph.D. and MM Verberk, Ph.D.
      (Coronel Institute of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the
      Netherlands).
           Literature was retrieved from the data bases Medline, Embase and Chemical
      Abstracts starting from 1966, 1988, and 1970, respectively. CD-rom versions of
      the data bases HSEline, Cisdoc, Mhidas, and NIOSHtic (covering the period
      1985/87 until 1998) as well as Poltox (Toxline, Cambridge Scient. Abstr., and
      FSTA; covering the period 1990 until 1995) were also consulted. The following
      key words werd used: thionyl chloride, sulfurous dichloride and 7719-09-7.
           Data considered to be critical were evaluated by reviewing the orginal
      publications. The final literature search has been carried out in May 1998.
           In April 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. The committee received no comments.
2     Identity
       name                           :    thionyl chloride
       synonyms                       :    thionyl dichloride; sulfurous dichloride; sulfur
                                           chloride oxide; sulfinyl chloride; sulfurous
                                           oxychloride; sulphurous dichloride; sulphur chloride
                                           oxide; sulphinyl chloride; sulphurous oxychloride
       molecular formula              :    SOCl2
       structural formula             :    -
       CAS reg no                     :    7719-09-7
028-3 Thionyl chloride
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
       molecular weight                :    118.98
       boiling point                   :    76 oC
       melting point                   :    -104.5 oC
       flash point                     :    -
       vapour pressure                 :    at 21 oC: 13.3 kPa
       solubility in water             :    rapid and violent reaction
       log P octanol/water             :    0.92 (estimated)
       conversion factors              :    1 ppm = 2.5 mg/m 3
       (20 oC, 101.3 kPa)                   1 mg/m 3 = 0.40 ppm
      Data from ACG99, http://esc.syres.com.
      Thionyl chloride is a colourless to pale yellow or reddish, fuming, refractive
      liquid with a suffocating odour (ACG99). The odour threshold is not known.
            In contact with water or water vapour, the compound reacts rapidly and
      violently to form sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride (fumes when exposed to
      moist air) (ACG99).
4     Uses
      Thionyl chloride is used as a chlorinating agent in the chemical manufacture of
      herbicides, surfactants, drugs, vitamins, and dyestuffs. It is further used in the
      preparation of polyarylate-type engineering thermoplastics made from iso- and
      terephthaloyl chlorides and as an electrolyte in lithium batteries (ACG99).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find data on the kinetics of thionyl chloride.
            In view of its reactivity with water, moisture, etc., rapid hydrolysis upon
      contact with mucous membranes (eyes, respiratory tract) releasing sulfur dioxide
      and hydrogen chloride can be expected.
028-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      Human data are limited to three cases of accidental occupational exposure to
      unknown concentrations of thionyl chloride.
          In one case, a worker experienced, amongst others, chemical burns,
      unconciousness, and severe respiratory distress after an explosion of a lithium
      thionyl chloride battery. Three hours after the accident, he died from severe
      pulmonary oedema which was attributed to inhalation of sulfur dioxide,
      hydrochloric acid mist, and, possibly, alkaline lithium oxide fumes. The exposure
      duration was estimated to be 6 minutes; the concentration of thionyl chloride
      was not known, that of sulfur dioxide was estimated to be about 17,000 ppm
      (Duc88).
          In one of the other cases, the patient had chemical burns. In both cases,
      symptoms were manifest only after 2 to 3 weeks and included shortness of
      breath, restrictive/obstructive patterns in lung function tests, and metabolic
      acidosis or hypocapnia (Kon93).
      Animal data
      Referring to an unpublished study, a 1-hour LC50 of 500 ppm (1250 mg/m3) in rats
      has been reported. Exposure to a concentration of thionyl chloride of 17.5 ppm
      (87 mg/m3) was stated to cause the death of cats in 20 minutes (ACG99).
          The committee did not find any other experimental animal data on the effects
      of thionyl chloride.
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for thionyl
      chloride in the Netherlands is 5 mg/m3 (1 ppm), as a ceiling value.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for ethyl formate in some European
      countries and in the USA are summaris ed in the annex.
028-5 Thionyl chloride
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<pre>8      Assessment of health hazard
       The committee notices that thionyl chloride is a very reactive compound
       releasing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride upon contact with water,
       moisture, or moist air.
           Although no human or experimental animal data on thionyl chloride were
       found which could be used for a proper health hazard evaluation, the committee
       expects from the hydrolysis into sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride that the
       mucous membranes and respiratory tract are the target tissues.
       The committee considers the toxicological data base on thionyl chloride too poor
       to justify recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
       The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on the
       level of the present MAC-value.
       References
ACG99  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Thionyl chloride. In:
       TLVs ® and other occupational exposure values -1999. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA;
       ACGIH® , 1999.
ACG00  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2000. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2000: 119.
ACG01  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001 TLVs ® and
       BEIs® . Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and fysical agents. Biological
       Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2001: 56.
Arb00a Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark:
       Arbejdstilsynet, 2000; At-vejledning C.0.1.
Arb00b Arbetarskyddstyrelsen. Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföroreningar. Solna,
       Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000/3.
CEC00  Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8
       June 2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in
       implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of
       workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal of the European
       Communities 2000; L142 (16/06/2000): 47-50.
028-6  Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>DFG01 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health
      Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2001.
      Maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Weinheim, FRG:
      Wiley-VCH, 2001; rep no 37.
Duc88 Ducatman AM, Ducatman BS, Bames JA. Lithium battery hazard: old-fashioned planning
      implications of new technology. J Occup Med 1988; 30: 309-11.
HSE01 Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2001. Occupational Exposure Limits 2001.
      Sudbury (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2001: 27.
Kon93 Konichezky S, Schattner A, Ezri T, et al. Thionyl-chloride-induced lung injury and
      bronchiolitis obliterans. Chest 1993; 104: 971-3
SZW01 Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2001. The
      Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2001: 41.
TRG00 TRGS 900: Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe.
      BArbBl 2000; 2.
028-7 Thionyl chloride
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<pre>            Annex
Occupational exposure limits for thionyl chloride in various countries.
country                       occupational                   time-weighted type of exposure   notea     lit refb
-organisation                 exposure limit                 average        limit
                              ppm           mg/m 3
the Netherlands
- Ministry                    1             5                ceiling        administrative              SZW01
Germany
- AGS                         -             -                                                           TRG00
- DFG MAK-Kom.                -             -                                                           DFG01
Great Britain
- HSE                         1             4.9              15 min         OES                         HSE01
Sweden                        -             -                                                           Arb00b
Denmark                       1             5                15 min                                     Arb00a
USA
- ACGIH                       1             -                ceiling        TLV                         ACG01
- OSHA                        -             -                                                           ACG00
- NIOSH                       1             5                ceiling        REL                         ACG00
European Union
- SCOEL                       -             -                                                           CEC00
a
     S = skin notation, which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens =
     substance can cause sensitisation
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits
028-8       Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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