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<pre>      Disulfur decafluoride
      (CAS reg no: 5714-22-7)
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/022, The Hague, 13 November 2001
022-1
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<pre>      Preferred citation:
      Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
      Exposure Limits. Disulfur decafluoride; Health-based Reassessment of
      Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the
      Netherlands, 2001; 2000/15OSH/022.
      all rights reserved
022-2
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of disulfur
      decafluoride by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by MA Maclaine Pont, M.Sc. (Wageningen University,
      Wageningen, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of disulfur decafluoride has been based on the
      review by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      (ACG99). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated
      as will be indicated in the text. In addition, literature was retrieved from the data
      bases Medline, Toxline, and Chemical Abstracts covering the period of 1966 until
      November 1999, 1981 until July 1999, and 1937 until September 1999, respectively,
      and using the following key words: sulfur pentafluoride, sulfur decafluoride,
      disulfurdecafluoride, sulphur pentafluoride, sulphur decafluoride,
      disulphurdecafluoride, sulfur fluoride (S2F10), and/or 5714-22-7. The final
      literature search has been carried out in November 1999.
           In April 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. The committee received no comments.
2     Identity
       name                           :     disulfur decafluoride
       synonyms                       :     disulphurdecafluoride; sulfurdecafluoride; disulfur
                                            decafluoride; sulphurpentafluoride; sulphur
                                            pentafluoride; sulfurpentafluoride; sulfur
                                            pentafluoride
       molecular formula              :     S2F10
       structural formula             :     F5SSF5
       CAS reg no                     :     5714-22-7
      Data from How92.
022-3 Disulfur decafluoride
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
       molecular weight             :      254.1
       boiling point                :      29 oC
       melting point                :      -92 oC
       flash point                  :      -
       vapour pressure              :      at 20 oC: 74.8 kPa
       solubility in water          :      insoluble
       log P octanol/water          :      3.06 (estimated)
       conversion factors           :      1 mg/m 3 = 0.09 ppm
       (20 oC, 101.3 kPa)                  1 ppm = 10.6 mg/m 3
      Data from Che99, Lid96, Lun91, http://esc.syrres.com.
      Disulfur decafluoride is a colourless, volatile liquid with a smell similar to that of
      sulfur dioxide (ACG99, Lun91).
            The vapour of disulfur decafluoride is heavier than air. Upon heating above
      400oC, it decomposes into toxic and corrosive fumes (among others sulfur oxides,
      fluor and sulfur fluorides) (Che99). Disulfur decafluoride does not react with
      water, mercury, copper, or platinum at ambient temperatures (Eib80). It is
      liberated as a by-product during the synthesis of sulfur hexafluoride; it is one of
      the minor decomposition products of sulfur hexafluoride upon electrical
      discharge (ACG99, Gri91).
4     Uses
      No commercial uses for this compound have developed although it was once a
      candidate warfare agent (Gri91).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      No data have been found.
022-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      No data have been found.
      Animal data
      The committee did not find data on the potential skin and eye irritation and
      sensitisation of disulfur decafluoride.
      Some acute lethal toxicity data are listed below.
       LC50 inhalation during 10 min:
       mouse             :   1000 mg/m 3
       rat               :   2000 mg/m 3
       dog               :   4000 mg/m 3
       rabbit            :   4000 mg/m 3
       cat               :   4500 mg/m 3
       monkey            :   9000 mg/m 3
       LDlo after intravenous injection:
       dog               :   1 mg/kg bw
       LD50 after intravenous injection:
       rabbit            :   5.79 mg/kg
      Data from Lew92, Sau53.
      The effects of disulfur decafluoride on the lungs following acute inhalation
      exposure have been investigated by Greenberg and Lester (Gre50). When one rat
      was exposed to 18,868 mg/m3 (1780 ppm), the animal died within 1 hour, showing
      pulmonary haemorrhages and considerably fluid-filled chest cavity. Exposure to
      106 and 10.6 mg/m3 (10, 1 ppm), for 1 hour, caused diffuse pulmonary
      haemorrhage and severe pulmonary congestion, respectively, in the rats
      (n=1/group) killed immediately after ending exposure while no lung lesions were
      seen in the animals (n=2/group) killed 24 hours later. No effects were observed
      after 1-hour exposure to 1.1 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm). Using longer exposure periods, all 6
      rats died within 16 hours when exposed to 10.6 mg/m3 (1 ppm), the lungs being
022-5 Disulfur decafluoride
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<pre>      extensively haemorrhaged and the chest cavities filled with fluid. No mortality
      was observed in rats (n=6) exposed to 5.3 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm), for 18 hours. After
      exposure to 1.1 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm), for 18 hours, the lungs of the rats (n=6) only
      showed generalised pinkness indicative of irritation, but there were no
      microscopic changes. No macro- or microscopic effects were observed after an
      18-hour exposure to 0.1 mg/m3 (0.01 ppm). Greenberg and Lester considered
      disulfur decafluoride to be more toxic than phosgene. They attributed the
      pulmonary lesions to products of local hydrolysis of the decafluoride, such as
      hydrofluoric acid.
          After intravenous injection of single doses into dogs (1-20 mg/kg bw;
      n=1-3/dose) (see also table above), respiratory, blood pressure, and heart rate
      effects were found within 40 seconds after injection. Haematocrit values always
      immediately increased, reaching high levels at death. The cause of death -
      occurring after 1 to 170 minutes without showing a relationship between dose
      and onset of death - was fulminant pulmonary oedema. Other histological
      findings included endothelial damage to the cardiovascular system, thought to
      be the major effect finally leading to pulmonary oedema, and subtle exudative
      and proliferative changes in glomeruli resembling early acute glomerulonephritis,
      thought to be secondary to anoxic anoxia. Repeated intravenous injections of 0.5
      and 1.0 mg/kg induced similar but more gradual effects on the circulatory and
      respiratory system, and, eventually, death. Histological findings were also similar
      but less severe than those found in singly doses animals (Sau53).
      The committee did not find data on the effects of repeated exposure to disulfur
      decafluoride or on its potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity or reproduction
      toxicity.
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for disulfur
      decafluoride in the Netherlands is 0.1 mg/m3, 8-hour TWA.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for disulfur decafluoride in some
      European countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      The few data available indicate that disulfur decafluoride is a primary lung irritant
      showing a rather steep dose-response relationship. One-hour exposures to 106
022-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>       and 10.6 mg/m3 (10 and 1 ppm) caused lung corrosion and irritation, respectively,
       while no effects were seen at 1.1 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm). Sixteen- to 18-hour exposures
       to 10.6, 5.3, and 1.1 mg/m3 (1, 0.5, 0.1 ppm) resulted in mortality, severe lung
       effects, and lung irritation, respectively, while there were no discernible effects at
       0.1 mg/m3 (0.01 ppm).
            The committee did not find data on the effects of repeated exposure to
       disulfur decafluoride or on its potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity or
       reproduction toxicity.
       The committee considers the toxicological data base on disulfur decafluoride too
       poor to justify recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
       The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on the
       level of the present MAC-value.
       References
ACG99  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Sulfur pentafluoride.
       In: TLVs ® and other occupational exposure values -1999. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA:
       ACGIH® , Inc, 1999.
ACG00  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2000. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2000: 114.
ACG01  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001 TLVs ® and
       BEIs® . Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and fysical agents. Biological
       Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2001: 53.
Arb00a Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark:
       Arbejdstilsynet, 2000; At-vejledning C.0.1.
Arb00b Arbetarskyddstyrelsen. Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföroreningar. Solna,
       Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000/3.
CEC00  Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8
       June 2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in
       implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of
       workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal of the European
       Communities 2000; L142 (16/06/2000): 47-50.
Che99  Chemiekaarten: gegevens voor het veilig werken met chemicaliën/[ed by]
       Samenwerkingsverband-Chemiekaarten (TNO Arbeid, VNCI). 15th ed. The Hague, the
       Netherlands: ten Hagen & Stam, 1999.
022-7  Disulfur decafluoride
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<pre>DFG01 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health
      Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2001.
      Maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Weinheim, FRG:
      Wiley-VCH, 2001: 98 (rep no 37).
Eib80 Eibeck RE, Mears W. Fluorine compounds, inorganic; sulfur: sulfur fluorides. Grayson M,
      Eckroth D, ed. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. New York,
      USA: J Wiley, 1980; 10: 799-811.
Gre50 Greenberg LA, Lester D. The toxicity of sulfur pentafluoride. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med
      1950; 2: 350-2.
Gri91 Griffin GD, Ryan MS, Kurka K, et al. Disulfur decafluoride (S2F10): a review of the biological
      properties and experimental studies of the breakdown product of sulfur hexafluoride.
      Christophorou LG, Sauers I, ed. Gaseous Dielectr VI, Proc Int Symp, 6th. New York, USA:
      Plenum, 1991: 545-52.
How92 Howard PH, Neil M, ed. Dictionary of chemical names and synonyms. Chelsea MA, USA:
      Lewis Publishers, 1992.
HSE01 Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2001. Occupational Exposure Limits 2001.
      Sudbury (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2001: 17.
Lew92 Lewis RJ Sr, ed. Sax's dangerous properties of industrial materials. 8th ed. New York, USA:
      Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992: 3167.
Lid96 Lide DR, Frederikse HPR, ed. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. 77th ed. Boca Raton
      FL, USA: CRC Press, 1996; 4-88.
Lun91 Lundberg P, ed. Consensus report for sulfur fluorides. Arbete och Hälsa 1991; 8: 114-9.
Sau53 Saunders JP, Shoshkes M, De Carlo MR, et al. Some physiological effects of disulfur
      decafluoride (S2F10) after intravenous injection in dogs. A note on its toxicity to rabbits.
      AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1953; 8: 436-45.
SZW01 Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2001. The
      Hague, the Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2001: 25.
TRG00 TRGS 900: Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe.
      BArbBl 2000; 2.
022-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>            Annex
Occupational exposure limits for disulfur decafluoride in various countries.
country                       occupational                    time-weighted type of exposure  notea     lit refb
-organisation                 exposure limit                  average        limit
                              ppm           mg/m 3
the Netherlands
- Ministry                    0.01          0.1               8h             administrative             SZW01
Germany
- AGS                         0.025         0.25              15 min                                    TRG00
- DFG MAK-Kom.                0.025         0.26              8h             MAK                        DFG01
                              0.025         0.26              15 min
Great Britain
- HSE                         0.025         0.26              8h             OEL                        HSE01
                              0.075         0.79              15 min         STEL
Sweden                        -             -                                                           Arb00b
Denmark                       0.01          0.1               ceiling                                   Arb00a
USA
- ACGIH                       0.01          -                 ceiling        TLV                        ACG01
- OSHA                        0.025         0.25              8h             PEL                        ACG00
- NIOSH                       0.01          0.1               ceiling        REL                        ACG00
European Union
- SCOEL                       -             -                                                           CEC00
a
     S = skin notation, which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens =
     substance can cause sensitisation
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits
022-9       Disulfur decafluoride
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