<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>Calcium sulphate
(CAS No: 7778-18-9)
Health-based reassessment Administrative
Occupational Exposure Limit
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH/045, The Hague, 31 October 2002
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<pre>Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Calcium sulphate; Health-based reassessment of current
administrative occupational exposure limits in the Netherlands. The Hague:
Health Council of the Netherlands, 2002; 2000/15OSH/045.
all rights reserved
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of calcium
      sulphate by the Committee on Updating Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by C de Heer, Ph.D. and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO
      Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of calcium sulphate has been based on the
      review by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      (ACGIH) (ACG91). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed
      and evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, literature was
      retrieved from the online databases Medline, Toxline, and Chemical Abstracts,
      covering the periods 1966 to 29 May 1998, 1965 to 24 February 1998, and 1967
      to 2 June 1998, respectively, and using the following key words: calcium
      sulfate, gypsum, calcinosis, and 7778-18-9, 10101-41-4, 10034-76-1,
      26499-65-0, and 13397-24-5. HSDB and RTECS, databases available from
      CD-ROM, were consulted as well (NIO98, NLM98). The final search was
      performed in June 1998.
           In December 1998, the President of the Health Council released a draft of
      the document for public review. Comments were received by the following
      individuals and organisations: P Wardenbach, Ph.D.(Bundesanstalt für
      Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany) and ir G. Wieling
      (Avios arbo, Rotterdam, the Netherlands). These comments were taken into
      account in deciding on the final version of the document.
           An additional literature search in May 2002 did not result in information
      changing the committee’s conclusions.
2     Identity
       name                    :    calcium sulphate
       synonyms                :    anhydrite, anhydrous calcium sulphate, anhydrous sulphate of
                                    lime; gypsum; plaster of Paris
       molecular formula       :    CaSO4
       structural formula      :    -
       CAS number              :    7778-18-9 (CaSO4); 10101-41-4 (CaSO4·2H2O); 13397-24-5
                                    (gypsum)
      Data from ACG91, Ric93.
045-3 Calcium sulphate
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
       molecular weight       :     136.14
       boiling point          :     1360-1450oC
       melting point          :     -
       flash point            :     -
       vapour pressure        :     -
       solubility in water    :     0,2 g/100 mL at 25oC
       Log Poctanol/water     :     -0.17 (estimated)
       conversion factors     :     -
       (20oC, 101.3 kPa)
      Data from ACG91, NLM98, Ric93, http://esc.syrres.com.
      Calcium sulphate occurs in nature as the mineral anhydrite (CaSO4) and as the
      dihydrate, gypsum (CaSO4 2H20). These are commonly found together in
      nature. The mineral anhydrite exists as varied coloured orthorombic crystals. A
      controlled modest amount of heat is used to convert gypsum to the hemihydrate,
      plaster of Paris ((CaSO4)2 H20), a fine powder that is tasteless and odourless. An
      insoluble anhydrite with the same crystalline structure as the mineral anhydrite
      is obtained from the complete dehydration of gypsum above 650oC, while a
      soluble anhydrite powder is obtained from the complete dehydration of gypsum
      in an electric oven at a temperature below 300oC. Synthetic gypsums are
      available from several chemical processes (ACG91).
4     Uses
      The insoluble anhydrite is used in cement formulations and as paper filler,
      whereas the soluble anhydrite has a strong tendency to absorb moisture and is
      used as a drying agent known under the name Drierite®. The hemihydrate is
      used for wall plaster and wall board. Gypsum is used in soil treatment, in the
      manufacture of plaster of Paris and Portland cement, in the production of heavy
      chemicals, and in water clarification and animal feed. Food and
      pharmaceutical-grade gypsum is used as a source of calcium in foods (ACG91).
045-4 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find data on the toxicokinetics of calcium sulphate.
          Gypsum dust is rapidly cleared from the lung both by dissolution and by the
      mechanisms of particle clearance (Clo97, Clo98).
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      Gypsum dust has an irritant action on mucous membranes of the respiratory
      tract and eyes (NLM98).
          Severe hand burns were reported in 4 students after making molds of theirs
      hands with dental plaster substituted for plaster of Paris. The dental plaster,
      known as Stone, was a special form of calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
      containing α-hemihydrate crystals that provide high compression strength to the
      molds. β-Hemihydrate, normal plaster of Paris, has not caused skin burns in
      similar procedures (ACG91). Prolonged eye exposure may cause conjunctivitis
      (Ric93).
          Acute effects may include damage to upper airways because of local
      dehydration (Gre96) or gastric irritation due to osmotic disturbances after
      ingestion (Ric93).
          Prolonged exposure may cause unpleasant nasal passage deposits, coughing,
      chronic rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, impaired sense of taste and smell,
      epistaxis, and reactions from tracheal and bronchial membranes in exposed
      workers (NLM98, Ric93).
          Airborne calcium sulphate (concentration not known) emitted from
      coal-fired power plants was a suspected causative agent of acute asthma in
      Derby, UK (Bro87).
          Calcium sulphate did not cause lung disease in calcium sulphate miners
      (ACG91). In a study of 241 gypsum mine workers, chest X-rays, lung function
      tests, respiratory symptom questionnaires, and work histories were evaluated.
      The existence of a dust hazard in the past (mild pneumoconiotic changes in
      chest X-rays) in 4 British mines in Nottinghamshire and Sussex was ascribed to
      quartz (silicon oxide) rather than to gypsum. Exposures in the highest exposure
      jobs (crusher) were estimated to average 6 mg/m3 respirable dust and 0.07
045-5 Calcium sulphate
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<pre>      mg/m3 respirable quartz for Nottinghamshire and 2.8 mg/m3 respirable dust and
      0.12 mg/m3 respirable quartz for Sussex (Oak82).
      Animal data
      Calcium sulphate applied to the eyes of rabbits was found to be innocuous
      (NLM98).
           In a nose-only facility, male F344 rats (n=36/group) were exposed to an
      aerosol of calcium sulphate at 100 mg/m3 for 3 weeks (6 hours/day, 5
      days/week), either or not followed by a subsequent 3-week recovery period.
      Controls were exposed to air only. No effects were found on the number of
      macrophages per alveolus, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein
      concentrations, or BALF γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activity. Non-protein
      thiol levels (NPSH; mainly glutathione) were increased in animals exposed to
      calcium sulphate after 3 weeks of non-exposure. The viability and alkaline
      phosphatase-staining of type II pneumocytes from rats pre-exposed to calcium
      sulphate was unchanged compared to cells from unexposed controls (Clo96).
           In subsequent experiments, male F344 rats (n=36/group) were exposed to an
      aerosol of anhydrous calcium sulphate for 3 weeks (6 hours/day, 5 days/week)
      at a concentration of approximately 15 mg/m3 (fibers; Clo98) and 60 mg/m3
      (fibers and milled fibers; Clo97). Negative controls were similarly exposed to
      air. At the end of the exposure period, half of the animals were sacrificed
      immediately and the remaining animals were kept for 3 (high dose) or 4 weeks
      (low dose) without exposure before sacrifice. In all exposed groups, calcium
      levels in the lung were comparable to air-exposed controls, although
      histologically gypsum fibers were detected in the lungs of calcium
      sulphate-exposed animals. The number of lung macrophages and protein levels
      in lung macrophages and BALF were unaffected. However, NPSH levels in
      BALF were significantly increased in animals killed immediately after exposure
      (both dose groups), and in recovery animals exposed to 60 mg/m3 calcium
      sulphate fibers. Macrophages from both recovery and non-recovery animals had
      lost almost all of their NPSH (only examined in low dose animals). There was a
      significant decrease in extracellular γ-GT activity after recovery of exposure to
      15 mg/m3 calcium sulphate. γ-GT activity in lung macrophages was
      significantly increased after exposure to 60 mg/m3 calcium sulphate fibers. The
      latter finding was hypothesised to be a compensatory response, because
      membrane-bound γ-GT enables cells to take up extracellular glutathione. The
      authors considered the combination of increased (cellular) γ-GT activity and
045-6 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      changing NPSH levels a protective response by the lung. Systemic effects were
      not studied (Clo97, Clo98). Since decreased NPSH levels would render the
      lungs more vulnerable to subsequent damage by other agents, the noted effects
      of inhaled calcium sulphate are considered to be of relevance. The effects are
      however not considered to be of a chemical nature but are considered to be
      non-pathological local effects due to physical factors related to the shape of the
      gypsum fibers and not to calcium sulphate per se.
      Carcinogenicity
      Two years after a weekly intratracheal administration of 2 mg man-made
      calcium sulphate fibres for 5 weeks, 3 out of 20 female Syrian hamsters
      developed tumours (in heart (anaplastic carcinoma), rib (unspecified cell types),
      or kidney (dark cell carcinoma)), in contrast to none out of 20 control animals
      (Ada91). Calcium sulphate fibres did not induce oxidative damage in calf
      thymus DNA in vitro (Ada92). In addition, chronic alveolitis with macrophage
      and neutrophil aggregation were detected in the above mentioned hamsters
      exposed to calcium sulphate fibre (Ada91).
          Three to 6 months after a single intratracheal administration of 35 mg pure
      anhydrite in female Wistar rats, wet weights and lipid content of the lungs were
      not affected. Aspecific reactions (such as bronchitis or alveolitis without
      collagen increase) were observed 6 months after intratracheal application of
      gypsum, although already after 2 months dusts were no longer detectable in
      lungs and lymph nodes (Gre96). After long-term inhalation of 1.6x104 particles
      of burned gypsum/mL (44 hours/week in 5½ days, for 2 years; average particle
      size 5 µm, range 1-40 µm), either or not followed by a dust-free period of up to
      22 months, guinea pigs showed only marginal changes in their lungs. Twelve
      out of 20 and 4 out of 10 animals, respectively, died intercurrently, mostly from
      pneumonia. Other effects were not addressed in this study (Sche55).
      Intraperitoneal injections of gypsum into guinea pigs caused absorption
      reactions, after which the gypsum was dissolved in surrounding tissues (Gre96).
      Granulomas were induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats after intraperitoneal
      injection of natural anhydrite dusts, derived from German coal mines. It was not
      clear whether this was caused by gypsum or unknown pollutants (Gre96). After
      4 intraperitoneal injections of 25 mg fibre gypsum, the incidence of
      mesotheliomas or sarcomas in the peritoneal cavity was not significantly
      increased (Gre96).
045-7 Calcium sulphate
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<pre>      Mutagenicity and genotoxicity
      Calcium sulphate (up to 2.5%) was negative, with and without metabolic
      activation, in in vitro genotoxicity tests in S. typhimurium strains TA1535,
      TA1537, and TA1538, and in yeast S. cerevisiae strain D4. At higher
      concentrations of the test substance, survival of bacteria and yeast was severely
      impaired (Lit75).
      Reproduction toxicity
      The teratological potential of calcium sulphate was assessed in CD-1 mice,
      Wistar rats, and Dutch-belted rabbits by oral (gavage) exposure of pregnant
      animals from gestational days 6 to 15 (mice and rats) or gestational days 6 to 18
      (rabbits). Administration of 16-1600 mg/kg bw/day of calcium sulphate (as a
      water solution at 10 mL/kg bw) did not affect maternal body weights. No
      clearly discernible effect was observed on nidation or on maternal or fetal
      survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of
      the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the
      sham-treated controls (Foo74).
          In contrast to mineral fibers (asbestos, ceramic fibers), gypsum (up to 10
      µg/cm2) failed to induce apoptosis in Syrian hamster embryo cells (Dop95).
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for calcium
      sulphate in the Netherlands is 10 mg/m3 (total inhalable dust), 8-hour TWA.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for calcium sulphate in some
      European countries and in the USA are summarised in the Annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      Inhaled calcium sulphate is rapidly cleared from the lung.
          Acute effects may include irritation of upper airways upon inhalation or
      gastric irritation upon ingestion. It also has an irritant action on the eyes.
          In a study of 241 gypsum mine workers, chest X-rays, lung function tests,
      respiratory symptom questionnaires, and work histories were evaluated. The
      existence of a dust hazard in the past in 4 British mines in Nottinghamshire and
      Sussex was ascribed to quartz (silicon oxide) rather than to gypsum. Exposures
045-8 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      in the highest exposure jobs were estimated to be on average 6 mg/m3 respirable
      dust and 0.07 mg/m3 respirable quartz for Nottinghamshire and 2.8 mg/m3
      respirable dust and 0.12 mg/m3 respirable quartz for Sussex. The committee
      considers this study in itself insufficient to derive a health-based occupational
      exposure limit, but it will be considered supplementary.
           In a previous evaluation of the health effects of nuisance dusts, the Dutch
      Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS) considered calcium
      sulphate dusts as inert (Zie90). Despite the relatively low solubility of calcium
      sulphate, it is not expected to persist long in tissues. A prolonged inhalation
      exposure may lead to aspecific dust reactions in lung tissue. However, calcium
      sulphate-specific tissue reactions are not likely.
           In rats, a 3-week inhalation exposure to 15 or 60 mg/m3 calcium sulphate
      fibers (6 hours/day, 5 days/week) resulted in decreased non-protein thiol
      (NPSH, mainly glutathione) levels in lung macrophages and in increased NPSH
      levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, γ-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity in lung macrophages was increased. This latter finding
      may be regarded as a compensatory response of macrophages to the loss of
      NPSH. The 15 mg/m3 exposure level was considered to be a ‘lowest observed
      adverse effect level’ (LOAEL) because decreased NPSH levels may render the
      lungs more vulnerable to subsequent damage. The effects are, however, not
      considered to be of a chemical nature but as non-pathological local effects due
      to physical factors related to the shape of the gypsum fibers and not to calcium
      sulphate per se.
           In a chronic carcinogenicity study with man-made monocrystalline fibers of
      calcium sulphate, malignant tumours were observed in 3 out of 20 hamsters
      exposed to the test materials and in none of 20 control hamsters. The type of
      tumours (tumour in the heart, kidney, and rib) are extremely rare in hamsters,
      i.e., have not been reported in the literature. Because of the high incidence of
      tumour-bearing animals and the rarity of the type of tumours observed, a
      relationship between the occurrence of the tumours and the exposure to the
      fibers can not be excluded. In subsequent in vitro experiments, this carcinogenic
      effect could not be explained by the induction of oxidative DNA damage.
      Although calcium sulphate fibres as such may pose a hazard, several restraints
      make the relevance of these experiments for the human situation questionable.
      First, the size and shape of the man-made calcium sulphate fibres are quite
      different from those of naturally occurring crystals of calcium sulphate.
      Secondly, because of the intratracheal route of administration, the deposition of
      fibres in the airways may be different compared to the occupational situation.
045-9 Calcium sulphate
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<pre>       Finally, there are no reports on fibrous effects produced by natural dusts of
       calcium sulphate. Changes in lung tissues of animals and humans occurred only
       when calcium sulphate was contaminated with silicon oxide.
            Genotoxicity tests with S. typhimurium and S. cerevisiae with and without
       metabolic activation were negative.
            There were no data on reproduction toxicity of calcium sulphate. Calcium
       sulphate did not induce developmental toxicity after oral exposure to
       concentrations as high as 1600 mg/kg bw/d in mice, rats, or rabbits.
       Though there is no apparent direct relationship between changes in NPSH levels
       in the lung, as observed in the 3-week rat inhalation study, and altered lung
       function or respiratory symptoms, as observed in the study in British mine
       workers, it can not be excluded that lung effects as observed in the rat may have
       been present in the miners. For this reason, the committee starts from the
       LOAEL of 15 mg/m3 to derive a health-based recommended occupational
       exposure limit (HBROEL). For the extrapolation to a HBROEL, an overall
       factor of 30 is established. This factor covers the following aspects: the absence
       of a NOAEL, inter- and intraspecies variations, and differences between
       experimental conditions and the exposure pattern of the worker in duration.
       Thus, applying this factor and the preferred value approach, a health-based
       occupational exposure limit of 0.5 mg/m3 is recommended for calcium sulphate
       respirable fibers, based on local effects in the lung. Assuming a respiratory
       volume of 10 m3 per working day, this results in a total exposure of 5 mg per
       day for a worker. Calcium sulphate exposure at this level is not considered to
       result in adverse systemic effects in view of the ion levels already present in the
       body.
       The committee recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit
       (HBROEL) of 0.5 mg/m3 for calcium sulphate respirable fibers, as an 8-hour
       time-weighted average (TWA). Data on respirable dust are considered
       insufficient to justify recommendation of a HBROEL for calcium sulphate dust.
       References
ACG91  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Documentation of the
       threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati OH, USA; ACGIH, 1991:
       204-5.
045-10 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>ACG02a American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values -2002. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, Inc, 2002: 20.
ACG02b American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2002 TLVs® and BEIs®.
       Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and fysical agents. Biological Exposure Indices.
       Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, Inc, 2002: 20.
Ada91  Adachi S, Takemoto K, Kimura K. Tumorigenicity of fine man-made fibers after intra tracheal
       administrations to hamsters. Environ Res 1991; 54: 52-73.
Ada92  Adachi S, Kawamura K, Yoshida S, et al. Oxidative damage on DNA induced asbestos and
       man-made fibers in vitro. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 63: 553-7.
Arb00a Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet,
       2000; At-vejledning C.0.1.
Arb00b Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen. Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföroreningar. Solna, Sweden:
       Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000/3.
Bro87  Brown HM, Jackson FA. Airborne crystals of anhydrous calcium sulphate - A new air pollutant.
       EXS 1987; 51: 261-6.
CEC00  Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8 June
       2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in implementation of
       Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks
       related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal of the European Communities 2000; L142
       (16/06/2000): 47-50.
Clo96  Clouter A, Houghton CE, Bowskill CA, et al. An in vitro/in vivo study into the short term effects of
       exposure to mineral fibres. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1996; 48: 484-6.
Clo97  Clouter A, Houghton CE, Bowskill CA, et al. Effect of inhaled fibers on the glutathione
       concentration and -glutamyl transpeptidase activity in lung type II epithelial cells, macrophages and
       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Inhal Toxicol 1997; 9: 351-67.
Clo98  Clouter A, Houghton CE, Hibbs LR, et al. Effect of inhalation of low doses of crocidolite and
       fibrous gypsum on the glutathione concentration and -glutamyl transpeptidase activity in
       macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Inhal Toxicol 1998; 10: 3-14.
DFG02  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher
       Arbeitsstoffe. MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2002. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und
       Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH, 2002: 34 (rep no 38).
Dop95  Dopp E, Nebe B, Hahnel C, et al. Mineral fibers induce apoptosis in Syrian hamster embryo
       fibroblasts. Pathobiology 1995; 63: 213-21.
Foo74  Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71-86 (calcium sulfate)
       in mice, rats and rabbits. Waverly NY, USA: 1974 (report available from the National Technical
       Information Service, Springfield VA, USA; rep no PB-234 873).
045-11 Calcium sulphate
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<pre>Gre96  Greim H, ed. In: Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische
       Begründungen von MAK-Werten (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen). 1st-23st ed. Weinheim,
       FRG: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1996.
HSE02  Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2002. Occupational exposure limits 2002. Sudbury
       (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2002: 19, 24.
Lit75  Litton Bionetics, Inc. Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71-86, calcium sulfate. Kensington
       MD, USA: Litton Bionetics, Inc, 1975 (report available from the National Technical Information
       Service, Springfield VA, USA; rep no PB-245481).
NIO98  US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), ed. Registry of Toxic Effects of
       Chemical Substances (RTECS) [CD-ROM], issue April 1998. SilverPlatter International, 1998 (last
       update calcium sulphate file: January 1997 for CAS no 10101-41-4 and December 1997 for
       7778-18-9).
NLM98  US National Library of Medicine (NLM), ed. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
       [CD-ROM], issue April 1998. SilverPlatter International, 1998 (last update calcium sulphate file:
       February 1998).
Oak82  Oakes D, Douglas R, Knight K, et al. Respiratory effects of prolonged exposure to gypsum dust.
       Ann Occup Hyg 1982; 26: 833-40.
Ric93  Richardson ML, Gangolli S, eds. C42 Calcium sulfate. In: The dictionary of substances and their
       effects. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1993: 66-7 (Vol 2).
Sche55 Schepers GWH, Durkan TM, Delahant AB. The biological effects of calcined gypsum dust. Arch
       Ind Health 1955; 12: 329-47.
SZW02  Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2002. The Hague,
       the Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2002: 20.
TRG00  TRGS 900. Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe. BArbBl
       2000; 2.
Zie90  Zielhuis RC. Fijn hinderlijk stof; gezondheidskundige aspecten van bijlage 3 bij de Nationale
       MAC-lijst 1989. The Hague, the Netherlands: Sdu Uitgeverij, 1990: 34, 43 (rep no RA9/90).
045-12 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>             Annex
Occupational exposure limits for calcium sulphate in various countries.
country                            occupational               time-weighted       type of        notea       referenceb
organisation                       exposure limit             average             exposure limit
                                   ppm          mg/m3
the Netherlands
- Ministry of Social Affairs       -            10c           8h                  administrative             SZW02
and Employment
Germany
- AGS                              -            6d            8h                                             TRG00
- DFG MAK-Kommission               -            6d            8h                                             DFG02
Great Britain
- HSE                              -            10c,e         8h                  OES                        HSE02
                                                4d,e          8h
Sweden                             -            -                                                            Arb00b
Denmark                            -            -                                                            Arb00a
USA
- ACGIH                            -            10f           8h                  TLV                        ACG02b
- OSHA                             -            15c           8h                  PEL                        ACG02a
                                   -            5d
- NIOSH                            -            10c           10h                 REL                        ACG02a
                                   -            5d
European Union
- SCOEL                            -            -                                                            CEC00
a
     S = skin notation; which mean that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
     cause skin sensitisation.
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
     Total inhalable dust.
d
     Respirable dust.
e
     Value indicated for gypsum and plaster of Paris, (CaSO4)2·2H2O.
f
     Particulate matter containing no asbestos and <1% crystalline silica.
045-13       Calcium sulphate
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<pre>045-14 Health-based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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<br><br>