<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>      Sulphur tetrafluoride
      (CAS Reg no: 7783-60-0)
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/039, The Hague, 7 March 2002
039-1
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<pre>      Preferred citation:
      Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
      Exposure Limits. Sulphur tetrafluoride; Health-based Reassessment of
      Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the
      Netherlands, 2002; 2000/15OSH/039.
      all rights reserved
039-2
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of sulphur
      tetrafluoride by the Committee on updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by WK de Raat, Ph.D. and Ir PMJ Bos (TNO Nutrition
      and Food Research, Zeist, the Netherlands).
          The evaluation of the toxicity of sulphur tetrafluoride has been based on the
      review by ACGIH (ACG91). Where relevant, the original publications were
      reviewed and evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, literature was
      retrieved from the online data bases Medline, Cancerlit, Toxline and Chemical
      Abstracts, covering the the periods 1966 to 30 June 1997 (19970630/UP), 1963 to
      18 June 1997 (19970618/ED), 1965 to 21 March 1997 (970321/ED), and 1967 to 1
      July 1997 (970701/ED; vol 127, iss 1), respectively, and using the following key
      words: sulphur tetrafluoride, sulphur fluoride, tetrafluorosulphurane, SF4, and
      7783-60-0. HSDB (no record) and RTECS, databases available from CD-ROM,
      were consulted as well (NIO98, NLM98). The final literature search has been
      carried out in July 1997, followed by an additional search in April 2001.
          In July 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. The committee received no comments.
2     Identity
       name                           :    sulphur tetrafluoride
       synonyms                       :    sulfur tetrafluoride; sulphur fluoride, T4;
                                           tetrafluorosulphuran
       molecular formula              :    SF4
       CAS reg no                     :    7783-60-0
      Data from ACG91, Lun91.
039-3 Sulphur tetrafluoride
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
       molecular weight       :   108,07
       boiling point          :   -38 oC; -40oC
       melting point          :   -121 oC; -124oC
       flash point            :   -
       solubility in water    :   violent reaction
       Log P octanol/water    :   1.65 (estimated)
       conversion factors     :   1 ppm = 4.5 mg/m
       (20 oC, 101.3 kPa)         1 mg/m 3 = 0.22 ppm
      Data from Bud89, Wea87, http://esc.syres.com
      Sulphur tetrafluoride is a colourless gas with an odour resembling that of sulphur
      dioxide. It is readily hydrolysed by water yielding hydrofluoric acid and thionyl
      fluoride (SOF2). The latter compound hydrolyses slowly to hydrofluoric acid and
      sulphur dioxide.
4     Uses
      Sulphur tetrafluoride is used as a selective fluorinating agent, capable of
      replacing oxygen in many organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds
      with fluorine. Moreover, it is used in the production of water- and oil-repellant
      materials and lubricity improvers (ACG91, Bud89).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      No information was found on the biotransformation and kinetics of sulphur
      tetrafluoride. In view of the violent reaction of the compound with water to
      hydrogen fluoride and thionyl fluoride, exposure to the compound itself will have
      a local character only. Thionyl fluoride hydrolyses more slowly than its parent
      information was found on the stability of thionyl fluoride and the possibility of
      exposure to this compound at other sites than the site of exposure. After the 2
      hydrolysis steps, only sulphur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride remain. The reader
      is referred to the reports of the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational
039-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      Standards (DECOS) for information on the biotransformation and kinetics of
      these compounds (DEC85, DEC89).
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      No studies have been located which provide information on the effects of the
      compound in pure form in humans.
           Sulphur tetrafluoride is a breakdown product of sulphur hexafluoride, a gas
      which is widely used for electrical insulation. Kraut and Lilis described a case of
      6 workers, which were accidentally exposed to the breakdown products of the
      hexafluoride during repair work (Kra90). Air analysis revealed the presence of
      sulphur tetrafluoride. No other breakdown products were sought for, while the
      concentrations of the tetrafluoride were not determined. The workers showed
      symptoms described as chest tightness, shortness of breath, headache, fatigue,
      nausea, vomiting, intermittent epitaxis (nose bleed), and radiographic changes in
      the lungs. Most symptoms disappeared in the course of a few weeks, while the
      workers were symptom-free after one year. The study reveals a clear effect of
      irritation of the respiratory tract of breakdown products of sulphur hexafluoride.
      However, no unambiguous link with exposure to sulphur tetrafluoride can be
      made, as other breakdown products may have added to the observed effects.
      Moreover, no relation with exposure levels is possible. Thus, due to its
      descriptive nature, the value of this study is very limited in the present context.
      Animal data
      The very few available studies with experimental animals showed sulphur
      tetrafluoride to be a highly acutely toxic gas.
           In a review on fluorocarbons, Clayton also mentioned some data on sulphur
      tetrafluoride without providing the original sources and data. It is stated that
      single exposures to sulphur tetrafluoride at sublethal concentrations are largely
      without effect on the upper respiratory tract. Four hours of respiratory exposure
      to 19 ppm ( 86 mg/m3) caused death in one of 2 exposed rats, while all 2 rats
      survived a 1-hour exposure to 40 ppm ( 180 mg/m3). Further, rats repeatedly
      exposed to 4 ppm ( 18 mg/m3; 4 hours/day for 10 days over a 12-day period)
      showed signs of 'respiratory embarrassment'. Two rats sacrificed immediately
      after the 10th exposure, showed pulmonary damage, while rats allowed to recover
039-5 Sulphur tetrafluoride
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<pre>      for 14 days showed no clinical and anatomical lesion (Clay62). No data on, e.g.,
      number of rats exposed, sex, a dose-respons relation, and endpoints investigated
      are provided. Therefore, the committee is of the opinion that these data cannot
      be used for the derivation of a health-based recommended occupational
      exposure limit.
           The commiteee did not find data on the toxicity of sulphur tetrafluoride
      following intermittent long-term repeated exposure by inhalation including
      carcinogenicity, on mutagenicity and genotoxicity, and on reproduction toxicity.
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for sulphur
      tetrafluoride in the Netherlands is 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m3), as a ceiling limit.
           Existing occupational exposure limits for sulphur tetrafluoride in some
      European countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      The toxicological information available for sulphur tetrafluoride is very scanty. It
      allows the conclusion that the compound exerts severe local effects upon
      inhalation at rather low exposure levels, most probably due to respiratory tract
      irritation. Moreover, eye-irritating properties are suggested by a case study, in
      which workers were exposed to the breakdown products of sulphur hexafluoride.
           ACGIH based its ceiling value on the review by Clayton (Cla62) in which it
      was reported that local effects in the respiratory tract were found in a rat study at
      4 ppm (18 mg/m3). However, no reference was made to an original source in this
      review paper. Furthermore, the ACGIH provides more details than Clayton.
           The committee did not find other (animal) data on the toxicity of sulphur
      tetrafluoride following intermittent long-term repeated exposure by inhalation
      including carcinogenicity, and on reproduction toxicity. Neither data on
      mutagenicity and genotoxicity were found.
           In view of the violent reaction of sulphur tetrafluoride with water, systemic
      exposure to this compound itself may be deemed negligible. Systemic exposure
      to hydrogen fluoride, sulphur dioxide, and thionyl dioxide - hydrolysis products -
      will, however, occur. It may be considered to evaluate the systemic toxic
      potential for sulphur tetrafluoride in relation to these metabolites, assuming
      maximal (worst case) hydrolysis first to thionyl dioxide and subsequently to
      hydrogen fluoride and sulphur dioxide. The first compound has been reviewed
039-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>       by the committee (see Hea01), the latter two compounds by DECOS (DEC85,
       DEC89). However, since the latter two evaluations are dated, an update of the
       relevant literature should be performed.
            With respect to thionyl fluoride, hardly anything is known about its
       toxicological properties (see Hea01). Its chemical reactivity with water appears to
       be less than that of sulphur tetrafluoride, which points to the possibility of
       systemic exposure. Ultimately, it will decompose to hydrogen fluoride and
       sulphur dioxide. However, before this decomposition is complete,
       thionyl-fluoride-specific systemic effects might arise. The health hazard of
       occupational sulphur tetrafluoride exposure can as yet not be assessed on this
       point.
       The committee considers the toxicological data base on sulphur tetrafluoride too
       poor to justify recommendation of a health-based occupational limit.
       The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on the
       level of the present MAC-value.
       References
ACG91  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Sulphur tetrafluoride.
       In: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices 6th ed.
       Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH, 1991: 1468-9.
ACG00  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2000. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2000: 114.
ACG01  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001 TLVs ® and
       BEIs® . Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological
       Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2001: 54.
Arb00a Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark:
       Arbejdstilsynet, 2000; (At-vejledning C.0.1).
Arb00b Arbetarskyddstyrelsen. Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföroreningar. Solna,
       Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, 2000: 60; (Ordinance AFS
       2000/3).
Bud89  Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, et al, eds. The Merck Index. An encyclopedia of chemicals,
       drugs, and biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway NJ, USA: Merck & Co, Inc, 1989: 1414.
039-7  Sulphur tetrafluoride
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<pre>CEC00 Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8
      June 2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in
      implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of
      workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal of the European
      Communities 2000; L142 (16/06/2000): 47-50.
Cla62 Clayton JW. The toxicity of fluorocarbons with special reference to chemical constitution. J
      Occup Med 1962; 4: 262-273.
DEC85 Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS). Sulphur dioxide. The Hague,
      The Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 1985; rep no RA4/85.
DEC89 Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS). Health-based recommended
      occupational exposure limits for fluorine, hydrogenfluoride and inorganic fluoride
      compounds.The Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 1989; rep no
      RA1/89.
DFG01 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health
      Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values
      2001.Maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Weinheim,
      FRG: Wiley-VCH, 2001; (rep no 37).
Gri84 Griffin GD, Easterly CE, Sauers I, et al. Cytotoxic activity of spark-decomposed sulphur
      hexafluoride and analysis of cytotoxic contributions of individual spark decomposition
      products. Toxicol Environ Chem 1984; 9: 139-66.
Hea01 Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure
      Limits. Health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits: thionyl
      chloride. The Hague, the Netherlands: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2001; rep no
      2000/15OSH/028.
HSE01 Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2001. Occupational Exposure Limits 2001.
      Sudbury (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2001: 26.
Kra90 Kraut A, Lilis R. Pulmonary effects of acute exposure to degradation products of sulphur
      hexafluoride during electrical cable repair work. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 829-32.
Lun91 Lundberg P, ed. Consensus report for sulphur fluorides. In: Scientific basis for Swedish
      Occupational Standards XI. Arbete och Hälsa 1991; (8): 114-9.
NIO98 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Sulfur tetrafluoride. In:
      Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) [CD-ROM], issue April 1998.
      SilverPlatter International, 1998 (last update sulphur tetrafluoride file: December 1997).
NLM98 US National Library of Medicine (NLM). Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
      [CD-ROM], issue April 1998. SilverPlatter International.
SZW01 Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2001. The
      Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2001: 44.
039-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>TRG00 TRGS 900: Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe.
      BArbBl 2000; 2.
Wea87 Weast RC, ed. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Boca Raton FL, USA: CRC Press,
      Inc, 1987: B-135.
039-9 Sulphur tetrafluoride
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<pre>            Annex
Occupational exposure limits for sulphur tetrafluoride in various countries.
country                            occupational              time-weighted    type of         notea      lit refb
-organisation                      exposure limit            average          exposure limit
                                   ppm        mg/m 3
The Netherlands
-Ministry of Social Affairs and    0.1        0.4            ceiling          administrative             SZW01
Employment
Germany
-AGS                               -          -                                                          TRG00
-DFG MAK-Kommission                -          -                                                          DFG01
Great-Britain
-HSE                               0.1        0.45           8h               OES                        HSE01
                                   0.3        1.3            15 min
Sweden                             0,1        0,4            ceiling                                     Arb00b
Denmark                            0,1        0,4            ceiling                                     Arb00a
USA
-ACGIH                             0.1        0.4            ceiling          STEL                       ACG01
-OSHA                              -                                                                     ACG00
-NIOSH                             0.1        0.4            ceiling          REL-ceiling                ACG00
European Union
-SCOEL                             -          -                                                          CEC00
a
     S = skin notation; this means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens =
     substance can cause sensitisation
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits
039-10      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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