<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>      Starch
      (CAS reg no: 9005-25-8, 9005-84-9)
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/038, The Hague, 7 March 2002
038-1
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<pre>      Preferred citation:
      Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
      Exposure Limits. Starch; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands,
      2002; 2000/15OSH/038.
      all rights reserved
038-2
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of starch by
      the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the
      Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was prepared
      by C de Heer, Ph.D. and H. Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO Nutrition and Food Research,
      Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of starch has been based on the review by the
      American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (ACG99).
      Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated as will be
      indicated in the text. In addition, literature was retrieved from the online data
      bases Medline, Toxline and Chemical Abstracts covering the periods 1966 to 29
      May 1998 (19980529/UP), 1965 to 24 February 1998 (19980224/ED), and 1967 to 2
      June 1998 (980602/ED, vol 128, iss 23), respectively*. HSDB (no record) and
      RTECS, data bases available from CD-ROM, were consulted as well (NIO98,
      NLM98). The final literature search was performed in June 1998.
           In July 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. The committee received no comments.
2     Identity
       name                          :   starch
       synonyms                      :   amylum, amicol, emjel 200, farinex, rice starch,
                                         cornstarch, W-gum, snowflake 30091
       molecular formula             :   (C6H10O5)n
       structural formula            :   -
       CAS reg no                    :   9005-25-8 (starch); 9005-84-9 (soluble starch)
      Data from ACG99, Ric94.
*     The Medline search was performed using the search profile (((starch OR amylose OR amylopectin?)
      AND (TO OR PO OR AE OR CI)/CT) AND dust#) OR (((starch OR amylose OR amylopectin?) AND
      (TO OR PO OR AE OR CI)/CT) AND (air OR aero* OR respir*)) OR (((starch OR amylose OR
      amylopectin?) AND (TO OR PO OR AE OR CI)/CT) AND lung+NT/CT) OR (((starch OR amylose OR
      amylopectin?) AND (TO OR PO OR AE OR CI)/CT) AND lung diseases+NT/CT). In addition, the
      Medline database was searched with starch/CT(L)(AE OR PO OR TO)/CT AND (EN OR DE OR FR OR
      NL)/LA. Toxline was searched with ((starch OR 9005-25-8 OR 9005-84-9) AND 1996/PY) and
      ((9005-25-8 OR 9005-84-9) AND (1994 OR 1995/PY)). CA was searched with ((9005-25-8 OR
      9005-84-9) AND 4/SC), ((9005-25-8 OR (9005-84-9) AND 59/SC AND health), and (9005-25-8 (L)
      toxic*). In addition, Toxline was searched with ((9005-25-8 OR 9005-84-9 OR 9037-22-3) AND
      (RISKLINE OR CIS OR NTIS OR TSCATS)/FS)) and ((9005-25-8 OR 9005-84-9 OR 9037-22-3) NOT
      (TOXBIB OR IPA OR BIOSIS)/FS). The search profile for CA was ((9005-25-8 OR 9005-84-9 OR
      9037-22-3)/ADV).
038-3 Starch
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
      Starch is a natural polysaccharide and a heterogeneous mixture of amylose and
      amylopectin which are linear and branched polymers of α -glucopyranosyl units,
      respectively. It is a soft, white, glistening powder that is tasteless and has no
      smell. Starch undergoes no change when exposed to the air. In cold water, starch
      absorbs water reversibly and swells slightly. In hot water, irreversible swelling
      occurs, producing gelatisation. The property of forming thick pastes or gels is
      the basis of many starch uses. Most starches are composed of 22-26% amylose
      and 74-78% amylopectin (ACG99, Ric94).
          Soluble starch is made by treating potato or cornstarch with dilute
      hydrochloric acid.
4     Uses
      Industrial uses of starch include the sizing of yarn and cloth in the textile
      industry, dressing cloth, printing, and mining. It is used in adhesives, explosives,
      cosmetics, glucose, corn syrups, and sugars for fermentation. Cornstarch, mixed
      with 2% magnesium oxide, is used as a donning powder in (surgical) gloves
      (ACG99, Ell90). Glove starch powder is comprised of corn- or maize starch
      powder partially cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and (up to 2.0%) magnesium
      oxide as dispersing agent (Pel86, She84).
          Food products containing starch are made from rice, corn, and arrowroot,
      either alone or in food preparations requiring thickening, gelling, or similar
      properties. Starch is also used in laundry starch preparations and has been
      employed in the clinical management of acute iodine poisoning (ACG99).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      No data were found.
      Although percutaneous absorption of cornstarch has been suggested (Seg90), it
      is not likely to occur to a great extent in view of its molecular size. Data on
      absorption of starch after intraperitoneal administration are conflicting. Complete
      absorption was reported after studies in rats and dogs (Ell90, Tal88), yet other
      studies in the same species reported the development of granulomatous lesions
      after intraperitoneal administration of starch (Ell90). In rats, autoclaved starch
038-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      was almost totally absorbed from the peritoneal cavity within 48 hours, whereas
      irradiated starch was still not fully absorbed after a period of 70 days. This
      difference was suggested to be induced by the sterilisation method used, as
      scanning-electron microscopic studies on autoclaved starch showed that the
      surface of the granules was pitted and cracked, while similar studies on irradiated
      material showed a smooth surface (Ell94, Woo97).
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      Skin contact with a total dose of 300 µg of starch, intermittently applied over a
      3-day period, resulted in a mild erythema and slight oedema of the skin in
      humans (ACG99).
          Dermatitis, anaphylactic reactions, and respiratory problems have been
      reported by workers who wear gloves as means of personal protection. Many
      reports describe allergic responses, both in skin and airways, after the use of
      latex and vinyl gloves with cornstarch glove powder. However, in nearly all
      cases the allergic responses were specific for latex proteins, which were shown
      to adhere to the glove powder, and not to cornstarch itself (ACG99, Ham93,
      Lun95, New97, Pis94, Tom94, Wra94). Responses to cornstarch not contaminated
      with latex proteins are extremely rare, but have been reported (Fis87, Seg90,
      Wra94). Contact urticaria, due to sensitivity to spray starch, was not caused by
      cornstarch but by other ingredients of the spray (McD79). Some workers may
      develop a chronic occupational dermatitis through the handling of starch
      products (ACG99).
          Acute respiratory effects after exposure to dust from the refining process of
      potato starch have been described (personal sampling: 3.9-56.0 mg/m3, total
      dust). The responsible agent could not be identified although the authors
      suspected endotoxin to be the causative agent (Hol94). Millers and bakers
      occupationally exposed to grain and flour dusts (personal sampling: 1.1-14.3
      mg/m3, total dust) showed significantly higher incidences of coughing and
      chronic bronchitis compared to a non-exposed reference group (Mas95, Mas96).
      A dose-response relationship was observed between dust exposure levels and
      chronic respiratory symptoms (Mas95). Although flour is a complex product that
      is mainly made up of starch (70%) and gluten (12%), it may also contain mite dust
      and endotoxins. The causative role of starch in the observed respiratory
      symptoms is therefore not clear. Community outbreaks of asthma associated with
038-5 Starch
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<pre>      inhalation of starch-containing soybean dust in Spanish harbors have been
      ascribed to low-molecular weight proteins of the hull of the soybean rather than
      to starch (Alv89, Ant89). Normally, starch dust is not considered harmful to the
      lungs although it may aggravate existing pulmonary disease such as emphysema
      (ACG99).
          Epidemiologic data are inconclusive as to whether high-starch diets confer
      an increased risk for the development of stomach and pancreas cancer (Voi87,
      Kon96). The same holds true for hypothesised protective effects of high-starch
      diets (Bin88, Mun94, Ric94). In a two-period, placebo-controlled crossover study
      with periods of 7 days and a 7-day washout period between treatments, daily
      consumption of 45 g starch (in the form of native amylomaize supplemented to
      regular food) was well tolerated by healthy volunteers (Mun94).
          A craving for starch (amylophagia) during pregnancy has no adverse effect
      on the fetus per se; however, chronic compulsive eating of starch, including
      daily ingestion of up to several pounds per day, contributes to iron deficiency
      anaemia, parotid hypertrophy, and intestinal obstruction (ACG99).
          The use of modified starch as a surgical-glove lubricant can result in
      postoperative inflammatory reactions (e.g., “starch peritonitis”) and subsequent
      granulomatous disease in patients, caused by the presence of minute,
      accidentally introduced, quantities of glove powder (Car87, Ell90, Ell94, Kli90,
      Tow94, Woo97). It was found that in contaminated wounds, cornstarch
      enhanced the growth of bacteria and elicited exaggerated inflammatory
      responses as measured by wound induration (Ruh94, Woo97).
      Animal data
      Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to starch could be induced in guinea
      pigs inoculated intradermally with starch and Freund’s adjuvant. When these
      immunised guinea pigs were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg
      of starch in saline solution, florid omental granulomas developed in 8 of 36
      animals. The remaining immunised animals, and the controls, showed only a low
      grade microscopic inflammatory reaction (Ell90, Woo97).
          The intraperitoneal LD 50 of starch in mice is 6600 mg/kg (ACG99).
          Male rats given starch as a 60% (w/v) paste in distilled water by gavage for
      14 consecutive days at levels up to 168 g/kg bw/day showed little, if any, signs
      of intoxication. In these animals, water was absorbed from the paste in the
      stomach and upper bowel, and the starch was converted to a calculus. Probably
      as a result, considerable hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the
038-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      gastrointestinal tract was seen after 14 days of exposure. A subsequent
      increment of the daily dose for 2-7 weeks resulted in some inhibition of growth at
      dose levels of 10% of body weight. At dose levels of 20% of body weight,
      increased susceptibility to pneumonia and bowel obstruction owing to the
      inability of the animal to evacuate the starch calculi were observed (Boy68).
          Male Wistar rats (n=10) fed diets containing 71% of different starches as
      dietary carbohydrate for 3 weeks showed no indications of short-term toxic
      effects. When 16% raw potato starch was added to 55% maize starch, a marked
      increase in caecal weights was noted relative to animals receiving only maize
      starch (71%). Marked thickening of caecal mucosa and submucosa were noted at
      histological examination. In addition, lymphatics were prominent, and there were
      indications of hypertrophy of the musculature and slight oedema of the mucosa
      and submucosa. It is noted by the authors that raw potato starch is relatively
      resistent to pancreatic amylase (Wal78).
          “Half a teaspoon” of starch placed into the peritoneal cavity of 10 dogs was
      completely absorbed without any inflammatory reaction after 3 weeks (Ell90). In
      another experiment, 1 gram of starch produced few nodules within the peritoneal
      cavity of 2 of 12 dogs (Ell90). In subsequent studies in dogs, it was shown that
      granulomas and adhesions could develop especially when large clumps of starch
      were present. The presence of minimal peritoneal trauma may lead to adhesions
      (Ell90, Woo97). Granulomatous reaction to intraperitoneal glove starch powder
      was also shown in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (Ell90, Nor87, Pel86, Pet86,
      She84). In rats, injection of starch granules failed to produce granulomas. After
      implantation of food particles of plant origin in rats as a model for human oral
      pulse granuloma, the starch component was readily digested leaving the
      cellulose fraction which invoked the granulomatous response (Tal88).
          Microspheres of starch injected into a small segment of one lung of mice
      caused both lungs to become oedematous (Gre70).
          A long-term study was carried out on the effects of inoculating 1.5 g of
      starch powder into the peritoneal cavity of rats. After an initial considerable
      inflammatory reaction, the intense vascular reaction subsided, leaving firm
      adhesions that were still present in animals sacrificed at 18 months (Ell90).
          Feeding of unmodified cornstarch and potato starch to groups of rats at
      dietary levels up to 30% (equivalent to 27.4-33.6 g/kg bw/d) in a 2-year test and
      10% (food intake not indicated) in a 3-generation test did not result in distinct
      toxicologically significant effects (Gro74). Rats fed a cooked diet containing 62%
      unmodified maize starch (equivalent to 51.1 g/kg bw/d*) for 2 years also did not
*     Calculation based on indicated food intake and body weights of wk 1-4 of the experiment
038-7 Starch
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<pre>      show significant toxicological effects, including reproductive effects over 3
      generations (Tru79). Slight growth retardation was seen in rats exposed for 4
      weeks to raw potato starch at a dietary level of 40% (equivalent to 46.0-52.8 g/kg
      bw/d) (Fer73).
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for starch in the
      Netherlands is 10 mg/m3, 8-hour TWA, equal to the occupational exposure limit
      for nuisance dust.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for starch in some European countries
      and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      Skin contact with a total dose of 300 g of starch, intermittently applied over a
      3-day period, resulted in a mild erythema and slight oedema of the skin in
      humans.
          Airborne cornstarch powder from latex gloves can be a respiratory
      occupational hazard. Dermatitis, anaphylactic reactions, and respiratory
      problems have been reported by workers who don (latex) gloves as means of
      personal protection. However, latex proteins absorbed by the cornstarch powder
      and not the cornstarch itself was the causative agent of the respiratory problems
      in most, if not all, workers. Cornstarch is an extremely rare sensitis er.
          Occupational exposures of potato starch industry workers and of grain and
      flour mill workers to starch-containing dusts resulted in acute respiratory effects.
      Because of combined exposures, the relative contribution of starch to the
      reported health problems could not be evaluated.
          It may be possible that starch depositing in damaged skin or respiratory tract
      tissue leads to the development of granulomatous reactions.
          There were no indications for significant toxicity, carcinogenicity or
      reproduction toxicity of starch in rats fed 27.4-52.8 g/kg bw/day.
      The committee considers the toxicological data base on starch too poor to justify
      recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
      The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on the
      level of the present MAC-value.
038-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>       References
ACG99  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Starch. In: TLVs ®
       and other occupational exposure values -1999. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® ,
       1999.
ACG00  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2000. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2000: 67
ACG01  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001 TLVs ® and
       BEIs® . Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological
       Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH® , Inc, 2001: 52.
Alv89  Alvarez-Dardet C, Belda J, Pena M, et al. Outbreak of asthma associated with soybean
       dust.[Letter] N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1127-8.
Ant89  Anto JM, Sunyer J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Community outbreaks of asthma associated
       with inhalation of soybean dust. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1097-102.
Arb00a Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark:
       Arbejdstilsynet, 2000; (At-vejledning C.0.1).
Arb00b Arbetarskyddstyrelsen. Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföroreningar. Solna,
       Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, 2000; (Ordinance AFS 2000/3).
Bin88  Bingham SA. Meat, starch, and nonstarch polysaccharides and large bowel cancer. Am J Clin
       Nutr 1988; 48: 762-7.
Boy68  Boyd EM, Liu SJ. Toxicity of starch administered by mouth. Can Med Assoc J 1968; 98:
       492-9.
Car87  Carrington AC. Starch granuloma: the problems caused by surgical glove powder. NATNEWS
       1987; 24: 9-10.
CEC00  Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8
       June 2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in
       implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of
       workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal of the European
       Communities 2000; L142 (16/06/2000): 47-50.
DFG01  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health
       Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2001.
       Maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Weinheim, FRG:
       Wiley-VCH, 2001; rep no 37.
Ell90  Ellis H. The hazards of surgical glove dusting powders. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 171:
       521-7.
Ell94  Ellis H. Pathological changes produced by surgical dusting powders. Ann R Coll Surg Engl
       1994; 76: 5-8.
038-9  Starch
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<pre>Fer73  Feron VJ, De Groot AP, Spanjers MT, et al. An evaluation of the criterion “organ weight”
       under conditions of growth retardation. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1973; 11: 85-94.
Fis87  Fisher AA. Contact urticaria and anaphylactoid reaction due to corn starch surgical glove
       powder. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16: 224-35.
Gre70  Gregory AR. Inhalation toxicology and lung edema receptor sites. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1970;
       31: 454-9.
Gro74  de Groot AP, Til HP, Feron VJ, et al. Two-year feeding and multigeneration studies in rats on
       five chemically modified starches. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1974; 12: 651-63.
Ham93  Hamann C. Hold the talc, pass the cornstarch. J Am Dent Assoc 1993; 124: 14.
Hol94  Hollander A, Heederik D, Kauffman H. Acute respiratory effects in the potato processing
       industry due to a bioaerosol exposure. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51: 73-8.
HSE01  Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2001. Occupational Exposure Limits 2001.
       Sudbury (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2001: 25.
Kli90  Klink B, Boynton CJ. Starch peritonitis. A case report and clinicopathologic review. Am Surg
       1990; 56: 672-4.
Kon96  Kono S, Hirohata T. Nutrition and stomach cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7: 41-55.
Mas95  Massin N, Bohadana AB, Wild P, et al. Airway responsiveness to metacholine, respiratory
       symptoms, and dust exposure levels in grain and flour mill workers in eastern France. Am J
       Ind Med 1995; 27: 859-69.
Mas96  Massin N, Bohadana AB, Toamain JP, et al. Salariés exposés aux poussières de farine dans les
       secteurs de la meunerie et de la boulangerie. D M T - Documents pour le médecin du travail
       1996; 66: 109-14.
McD79  McDaniel WR, Marks JG. Contact urticaria due to sensitivity to spray starch. Arch Dermatol
       1979; 115: 628.
Mun94  van Munster IP, de Boer HM, Jansen MC, et al. Effect of resistant starch on breath-hydrogen
       and methane excretion in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 626-30.
Lun95  Lundberg M, Wrangsjö K, Johansson SGO. Latex allergens in glove-powdering slurries.
       Allergy 1995; 50: 378-80.
NIO98  National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Registry of Toxic Effects of
       Chemical Substances (RTECS) [CD-ROM], issue April 1998. SilverPlatter International,
       1998 (last update starch file: December 1997).
NLM98  US National Library of Medicine (NLM). Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
       [CD-ROM], issue April 1998. SilverPlatter International, 1998 (data file starch not
       available).
New97  Newsom SWB, Shaw M. A survey of starch particle counts in the hospital environment in
       relation to the use of powdered latex gloves. Occup Med 1997; 45: 155-8.
038-10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>Nor87  Nordstrand K, Melhus O, Eide RJ, et al. Intraabdominal granuloma reaction in rats after
       introduction of maize-starch powder. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A 1987; 95:
       93-8.
Pel86  Pelling D, Evans JG. Long-term peritoneal tissue response in rats to mould-release agents and
       lubricant powder used on surgeons’ gloves. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24: 425-30.
Pet86  Peters E, Gardner DG, Altini M, et al. Granular cell reaction to surgical glove powder. J Oral
       Pathol 1986; 15: 454-8.
Pis94  Pisati G, Baruffini A, Bernabeo F, et al. Bronchial provocation testing in the diagnosis of
       occupational asthma due to latex surgical gloves. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 332-6.
Ric94  Richardson ML, Gangolli S, eds. S107 Starch. In: The dictionary of substances and their
       effects. (Vol.7) Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994: 155-6.
Ruh94  Ruhl CM, Urbancic JH, Foresman PA, et al. A new hazard of cornstarch, an absorbable
       dusting powder. J Emerg Med 1994; 12: 11-4.
Seg90  Seggev JS, Mawhinney TP, Yunginger JW, et al. Anaphylaxis due to cornstarch surgical glove
       powder. Ann Allergy 1990; 65: 152-5.
She84  Sheikh KMA, Duggal K, Relfson M, et al. An experimental histopathologic study of surgical
       glove powders. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 215-9.
SZW01  Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2001. The
       Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2001: 44.
Tal88  Talacko AA, Radden BG. The pathogenesis of oral pulse granuloma: an animal model. J Oral
       Pathol 1988; 17: 99-105.
Tom94  Tomazic VJ, Shampaine EL, Lamanna A, et al. Cornstarch powder on latex products is an
       allergen carrier. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 751-8.
Tow94  Townsend M. Just a glove? Br J Theatre Nurs 1994; 4: 7-10.
TRG00  TRGS 900. Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe.
       BArbBl 2000; 2.
Tru79  Truhaut R, Coquet B, Fouillet X, et al. Two-year oral toxicity and multigeneration studies in
       rats on two chemically modified maize starches. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1979; 17: 11-7.
Voi87  Voirol M, Infante F, Raymond L, et al. Profil alimentaire des malades atteints de cancer du
       pancréas. Schweiz Med Wschr 1987; 117: 1101-4.
Wal78  Walker R, El Harith EA. Nutritional and toxicological properties of some raw and modified
       starches. Ann Nutr Alim 1978; 32: 671-9.
Woo97  Woods JA, Morgan RF, Watkins FH, et al. Surgical glove lubricants: from toxicity to
       opportunity. J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 209-20.
Wra 94 Wrangsjö K, Osterman K, van Hage-Hamsten M. Glove-related skin symptoms among
       operating theatre and dental care unit personnel. (II). Clinical examination, tests and
       laboratory findings indicating latex allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 30: 139-43.
038-11 Starch
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<pre>            Annex
Occupational exposure limits for starch in various countries.
country                        occupational                  time-weighted     type of exposure notea       lit refb
-organisation                  exposure limit                average           limit
                               ppm          mg/m 3
The Netherlands
-Ministry of Social Affairs    -            10 c             8h                administrative               SZW01
and Employment
Germany
-AGS                           -                                                                            TRG00
-DFG MAK-Kommission            -                                                                            DFG01
Great-Britain
-HSE                           -            10 c             8h                OES                          HSE01
                               -            5d               8h                OES
Sweden                         -            -                                  -                            Arb00b
Denmark                        -            -                                                               Arb00a
USA
-ACGIH                         -            10 c             8h                TLV               A4f        ACG01
-OSHA                          -            15 e             8h                PEL                          ACG00
                               -            5d                                 PEL
-NIOSH                         -            10 e             10 h              REL                          ACG00
                               -            5e                                 REL
European Union
-SCOEL                         -            -                                                               CEC00
a
     S = skin notation; which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens =
     substance can cause sensitisation
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits
c
     (Total) inhalable dust
d
     Respirable dust
e
     Total dust
f
     Classified as A4 carcinogen, i.e., not classifiable as a human carcinogen: agents which cause concern that they
     could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro
     or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into
     one of the other categories
038-12      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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