<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>Gezondheidsraad                               Voorzitter
Health Council of the Netherlands
Aan de Staatssecretaris van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid
Onderwerp            : Aanbieding adviezen herevaluatie bestuurlijke MAC-waarden
Uw kenmerk           : ARBO/AMIL/97/00648
Ons kenmerk          : U 2706/CB/MP/563-O3
Bijlagen             : 18
Datum                : 14 december 2000
Mijnheer de staatssecretaris,
Op verzoek van uw ambtsvoorganger bied ik u hierbij de eerste adviezen aan van een
reeks over de gezondheidskundige basis van uit het buitenland overgenomen
grenswaarden voor beroepsmatige blootstelling aan stoffen. Het verzoek om deze
adviezen is in algemene zin vervat in brief nr ARBO/AMIL/97/00648 en in latere stadia
door uw departement toegespitst op afzonderlijke stoffen. De adviezen zijn opgesteld
door een daartoe door mij geformeerde internationale commissie van de Gezondheidsraad
en beoordeeld door de Beraadsgroep Gezondheid en Omgeving.
     De beoogde reeks van in het Engels gestelde adviezen zal losbladig worden
gepubliceerd onder ons publicatienummer 2000/15OSH en, conform de aan de
Gezondheidsraad voorgelegde toespitsingen van de adviesaanvraag, betrekking hebben
op 168 stoffen. Het u thans aangeboden eerste pakket bestaat uit een Algemene Inleiding
(publicatienummer 2000/15OSH/000) en uit de adviezen genummerd 2000/15OSH/001
tot en met 2000/15OSH/017, respectievelijk betrekking hebbend op:
cesiumhydroxide, cyclopentaan, diboraan, dimethoxymethaan, dipropylketon,
fenylfosfine, germaniumtetrahydride, hexachloornaftaleen, methaanthiol,
methylcyclohexanol, methylisopropylketon, mica, natriumhydroxide,
octachloornaftaleen, silaan, tetrachloornaftaleen, en yttrium en yttriumverbindingen.
     Bij afronding van de werkzaamheden van de hierboven bedoelde commissie ontvangt
u een Nederlandstalige samenvatting van de in de gehele reeks van adviezen neergelegde
bevindingen.
Bezoekadres                                                                  Postadres
Parnassusplein 5                                                             Postbus 16052
2511 VX Den Haag                                                             2500 BB Den Haag
Telefoon (070) 340 75 20                                                     Telefax (070) 340 75 23
email: GR@gr.nl
</pre>

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<pre>Gezondheidsraad
Health Council of the Netherlands
Onderwerp            : Herevaluatie uit het buitenland overgenomen grenswaarden
Ons kenmerk          :U
Pagina               :2
Datum                : 14 december 2000
    De u thans aangeboden adviezen heb ik vandaag ter informatie doen toekomen aan
de Minister van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport en aan de Minister van
Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer.
Hoogachtend,
prof. dr JJ Sixma
Bezoekadres                                                                   Postadres
Parnassusplein 5                                                              Postbus 16052
2511 VX Den Haag                                                              2500 BB Den Haag
Telefoon (070) 340 75 20                                                      Telefax (070) 340 75 23
email: GR@gr.nl
</pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 3 ======================================================================

<pre>Health-based Reassessment
of Administrative Occupational
Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 4 ======================================================================

<pre></pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 5 ======================================================================

<pre>Health-based Reassessment
of Administrative Occupational
Exposure Limits
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH, The Hague, 14 December 2000
</pre>

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<pre>The Health Council of the Netherlands, established in 1902, is an independent
scientific advisory body. Its remit is “to advise the government and Parliament
on the current level of knowledge with respect to public health issues...”
(Section 21, Health Act).
     The Health Council receives most requests for advice from the Ministers of
Health, Welfare & Sport, Housing, Spatial Planning & the Environment, Social
Affairs & Employment, and Agriculture, Nature Preservation & Fisheries. The
Council can publish advisory reports on its own initiative. It usually does this
in order to ask attention for developments or trends that are thought to be
relevant to government policy.
     Most Health Council reports are prepared by multidisciplinary committees
of Dutch or, sometimes, foreign experts, appointed in a personal capacity. The
reports are available to the public.
Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational
Exposure Limits; The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2000;
publication no. 2000/15OSH.
all rights reserved
ISBN: 90-5549-350-3
</pre>

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<pre>  Contents
                                                                  page 2000/15OSH
  General remarks                                                 000-1
  General introduction                                            000-3
  The committee                                                   000-7
  Default values                                                  000-9
  Abbreviations                                                   000-11
  Name of substance [CAS reg. nr]
  acetic acid [64-19-7]
  aluminium alkyl compounds [96-10-6; 97-93-8;100-99-2; 563-43-9]
  aluminium pyro powder
  2-aminopyridine [504-29-0]
  ammonium chloride (fume) [12125-02-9]
  benomyl [17804-35-2]
  benzenethiol (phenyl mercaptan) [108-98-5]
  biphenyl/diphenyl ether mixture [92-52-4; 101-84-8; 8004-13-5]
  bismuth telluride [1304-82-1]
  boron oxide [1303-86-2]
  boron trifluoride [7637-07-2]
5 Contents
</pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 8 ======================================================================

<pre>  bromine [7726-95-6]
  n-butane [106-97-8]
  butanethiol (butyl mercaptan) [109-79-5]
  n-butylamine [109-73-9]
  o-sec-butylphenol [89-72-5]
  p-tert-butyltoluene [98-51-1]
  calcium carbonate [1317-65-3]
  calcium hydroxide [1305-62-0]
  calcium oxide [1305-78-8]
  calcium sulphate [7778-18-9; 10101-41-4]
  camphor (synthetic) [76-22-2]
  carbon tetrabromide [558-13-4]
  cellulose [9004-34-6]
  cesium hydroxide [21351-79-1]                                      001-1
  chlorine trifluoride [7790-91-2]
  2-chloroacetophenone [532-27-4]
  o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile [2698-41-1]
  1-chloro-1-nitropropane [600-25-9]
  o-chlorostyrene [2039-87-4]
  o-chlorotoluene [95-49-8]
  chlorpyrifos [2921-88-2]
  chlorinated diphenyl oxides
  clopidol [2971-90-6]
  cyanamide and calcium cyanamide [420-04-2; 156-62-7]
  cyanogen chloride [506-77-4]
  cyclohexene [110-83-8]
  cyclohexylamine [108-91-8]
  cyclopentane [287-92-3]                                            002-1
  demeton [8065-48-3]
  diborane [19287-45-7]                                              003-1
  dibutyl phosphate [107-66-4]
  1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin [118-52-5]
  1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane [594-72-9]
  dicrotophos [141-66-2]
  diethylene triamine (DETA) [111-40-0]
  diethyl ketone [96-22-0]
  diisopropylamine [108-18-9]
  dimethoxymethane (methylal) [109-87-5]                             004-1
6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<pre>  N,N-dimethylethylamine [598-56-31]
  dioxathion [78-34-2]
  dipropyl ketone [123-19-3]
  disodium tetraborates and boric acid [1303-96-4; 1330-43-4;
  11130-12-4; 10043-35-3]
  disulfoton [298-04-4]
  disulfur dichloride (sulfur monochloride) [10025-67-9]
  disulfur decafluoride (sulfur pentachloride) [5714-22-7]
  2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol)
  [128-37-0]
  divinyl benzene [91-14-5; 105-06-6; 108-57-6; 1321-74-0]
  ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan) [75-08-1]
  ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) [628-96-6]
  ethyl formate [109-94-4]
  N-ethylmorpholine [100-74-3]
  ferric oxide (rouge) [1309-37-1]
  formic acid [64-18-6]
  germanium tetrahydride [7782-65-2]                             006-1
  glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerin) [55-63-0]
  hexachlorocyclopentadiene [77-47-4]
  hexachloronaphthalene [1335-87-1]                              007-1
  hexafluoroacetone [684-16-2]
  hexogen [121-82-4]
  sec-hexyl acetate [108-84-9]
  2-hydroxypropyl acrylate [999-61-1]
  2,2’-iminodiethanol [111-42-2]
  indene [95-13-6]
  iron pentacarbonyl [13463-40-6]
  iron salts, dicyclopentadiene [102-54-5]
  iron salts, water-soluble [7705-08-0; 7720-78-7; 7758-94-3;
  10028-22-5; 10421-48-4]
  isoamyl alcohol [123-51-3]
  isooctyl alcohol (mixed isomers) [26952-21-6]
  isopropylamine [75-31-0]
  N-isopropylaniline [768-52-5]
  ketene [463-51-4]
  liquefied petroleum gas (L.P.G.) [68476-85-7]
  magnesium carbonate [546-93-0]
7 Contents
</pre>

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<pre>  magnesium oxide (fume) [1309-48-4]
  MAPP gas (methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture) [59355-75-8]
  mesityl oxide [141-79-7]
  methanethiol (methyl mercaptan) [74-93-1]                          008-1
  methyl acetate [79-20-9]
  methyl acetylene [74-99-7]
  methylcyclohexane [108-87-2]
  methylcyclohexanol [25639-42-3]                                    010-1
  o-methylcyclohexanone [583-60-8]
  methyl demeton [8022-00-2]
  methyl ethyl ketone peroxide [1338-23-4]
  methyl isopropyl ketone [563-80-4]                                 009-1
  mica [12001-26-2]                                                  011-1
  monocrotophos [6923-22-4]
  naled [300-76-5]
  nicotine [54-11-5]
  nitrapyrin ((2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl)-pyridine) [1929-82-4]
  nitric oxide [10102-43-9]
  nitroethane [79-24-3]
  nitrogen trifluoride [7783-54-2]
  m-nitrotoluene [99-08-1]
  nonane [111-84-2]
  octachloronaphthalene [2234-13-1]                                  012-1
  n-octane [111-65-9]
  osmium tetraoxide [20816-12-0]
  oxalic acid [144-62-7]
  oxalonitrile (cyanogen) [460-19-5]
  oxygen difluoride [7783-41-7]
  paraffin wax (fume) [8002-74-2]
  pentachloronaphthalene [1321-64-8]
  2-pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) [107-87-9]
  perchloromethyl mercaptan [594-42-3]
  perchloryl fluoride [7616-94-6]
  perlite [8075-36-3; 93763-70-3]
  phenothiazine [92-84-2]
  phenylphosphine [638-21-1]                                         013-1
  2-phenylpropene (α-methyl styrene) [98-83-9]
  phorate [298-02-2]
8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 11 ======================================================================

<pre>  m-phthalodinitrile [626-17-5]
  pindone (2-pivalyl-1,3-indandione) [83-26-1]
  potassium hydroxide [1310-58-3]
  propargyl alcohol [107-19-7]
  n-propyl nitrate [627-13-4]
  pyrethrum [8003-34-7]
  resorcinol [108-46-3]
  rotenone [83-79-4]
  saccharose (sucrose) [57-50-1]
  silane (silicon tetrahydride) [7803-62-5]                 014-1
  silicon [7440-21-3]
  slate dust
  soapstone [14378-12-2]
  sodium bisulfite [7631-90-5]
  sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2]                              015-1
  starch [9005-84-9; 9005-84-9]
  strychnine [57-24-9]
  sulfur tetrafluoride [7783-60-0]
  sulfuryl fluoride [2699-79-8]
  tantalum [7440-25-7]
  tellurium and tellurium compounds [13494-80-9]
  tellurium hexafluoride [7783-80-4]
  temephos [3383-96-8]
  o,m,p-terphenyl (mixture) [26140-60-3]
  tetrachloronaphthalene [1335-88-2]                        016-1
  tetraethyl orthosilicate (ethyl silicate) [78-10-4]
  tetramethyl orthosilicate (methyl silicate) [681-84-5]
  tetramethyl succinonitrile [3333-52-6]
  tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) [137-26-8]
  thallium and water-soluble thallium compounds [7440-28-0]
  4,4’-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) [96-69-5]
  thionyl chloride [7719-09-7]
  tin oxide [18282-10-5; 21651-19-4]
  titanium dioxide [13463-67-7]
  tributyl phosphate [126-73-8]
  tricarbonyl (eta-cyclopentadienyl) manganese [12079-65-1]
  trichloronaphthalene [1321-65-9]
  2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid [93-76-5]
9 Contents
</pre>

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<pre>   2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) [88-89-1]
   tungsten and tungsten compounds [7440-33-7]
   valeraldehyde [110-62-3]
   warfarin [81-81-2]
   m-xylene-α,α'-diamine [1477-55-0]
   yttrium and yttrium compounds [7440-65-5]                               017-1
   zinc stearate [557-05-1]
   zirconium and zirconium compounds [7440-67-7]
   These reports were presented to the State Secretary of Social Affairs and
   Employment by the President of the Health Council of the Netherlands
10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<pre>      General remarks
      Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
      Occupational Exposure Limits
      Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
      a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
      No. 2000/15OSH/000, The Hague, 14 December 2000
000-1 General remarks
</pre>

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<pre>000-2 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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<pre>Chapter 1
        General introduction
1.1     Background of the project
        In September 1995, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (Zeist, the
        Netherlands) reported the Minister of Social Affairs and Employment about the
        degree of health protection of the administrative occupational exposure limits
        (OELs) in the list of Maximal Accepted Concentrations (MAC) of 1994. The
        major part of these OELs were adopted from the American Conference of
        Governmental Industrial Hygienists' list of Threshold Limit Values in the
        1970s. For the purpose of the evaluation concise toxicity profiles were prepared
        based on the documentation of the ACGIH and European criteria documents on
        almost 300 substances. TNO concluded that for 109 substances the current
        OEL was suspected to be too high from a health protection point of view, with
        deviations ranging from a factor of 2 to 250. For another 106 substances the
        toxicological data base was judged to be too poor to recommend a health-based
        OEL.
            On September 24, 1996 the State Secretary of Social Affairs and
        Employment presented a plan to re-evaluate the administrative OELs to the
        Social and Economic Council. After the Social and Economic Council had
        given a positive reaction the State Secretary requested the Health Council on
        April 16, 1997, to re-evaluate these substances in a condensed procedure and to
        recommend health-based OELs. Given the international character of the
000-3   General introduction
</pre>

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<pre>      request and in view of the European harmonization, the State Secretary
      requested the Health Council to invite scientists from outside the Netherlands
      to participate in the project.
1.2   Setting OELs in the Netherlands
      In the Netherlands the legally-binding occupational exposure limits for
      chemical substances are set using a three-step procedure. In the first step a
      scientific evaluation of the data on the toxicity of the substance is made by the
      Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS), a committee of
      the Health Council, on request of the State Secretary of Social Affairs and
      Employment. This evaluation should lead to a health-based recommended
      occupational exposure limit for the concentration of the substance in workroom
      air.*
           In the next phase of the three-step procedure the Social and Economic
      Council advises the State Secretary on the feasibility of using the health-based
      value as a legally-binding OEL, or recommends a different OEL. In the final
      step of the procedure the State Secretary sets the regulatory OEL.
           The three-step procedure will also be followed for health-based OELs
      derived in the present re-evaluation project.
1.3   Committee
      As a first step the Health Council requested several regulatory authorities of
      European countries to nominate internationally acknowledged experts in
      toxicology, epidemiology or occupational medicine with experience in setting
      OELs. All nominees were requested to send a brief curriculum vitae and a list
      of publications. The committee was selected from the list of nominees using the
      following criteria: one member from each foreign country, the expertise within
      the committee should cover all aspects of hazard assessment of chemical
      substances, and good spread in (former) affiliation of the members (academia,
      national institutes and industry). All members were invited on a personal title,
      except for the corresponding member representing ACGIH. The members of
      the Committee on Updating of occupational exposure limits are listed in
      Chapter 2.
*     For genotoxic carcinogens DECOS does not derive an OEL but presents an exposure-response relationship.
000-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<pre>1.4   Procedure
      Under the authority of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, for each
      substance a short document is prepared by a toxicologist at a research institute
      in the Netherlands. The requirements for the contents of these short documents
      were established by the committee during a trial phase*. The documents should
      be based on a full literature search including at least the data bases Medline,
      Toxline and Chemical Abstracts. From the published literature a key study is
      identified serving as the basis for deriving a health-based OEL. For
      extrapolation of the data (from the key study) to the occupational exposure
      situation an overall assessment factor is applied covering the aspects inter- and
      intraspecies variation, differences in duration and pattern of exposure between
      the key study and the situation of the worker, type of the critical effect,
      dose-effect relationship and quality of the total data base. In deriving the
      overall assessment factor the committee uses a check list of the different
      aspects, adopted from a TNO-report, to discuss and thoroughly weigh all
      available data. In each case the committee considers the appropriateness of
      applying default values, see Chapter 3. In case the key study refers to an oral
      animal experiment, scaling to humans is based on caloric demand (body weight
      to the power 0.75) rather than on body weight. For the recommendation of a
      health-based OEL the committee decided to make use of the preferred value
      system** given the inherent uncertainty of any OEL.
           To derive a health-based OEL for a substance at least data on acute toxicity,
      including irritation (and sensitization), and on repeated-dose toxicity are
      required. The committee considers as a minimum the availability of a
      multi-dose study in which a relevant animal species was exposed via a relevant
      exposure route for a relevant exposure time and in which relevant toxicological
      endpoints were studied (preferably including body weight gain, haematology,
      clinical biochemistry, gross and microscopic pathology). Preferably the study
      provides information about the target organ and critical effect, and produces a
      no observed adverse effect level.
*     The aims of this phase were to determine the requirements for the documents, to develop and test the procedure, and
      to judge the feasibility of the project. The fourteen substances under consideration during this phase were selected by
      the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment in consultation with regulatory authorities in the participating
      countries.
**    The preferred value system implies that OELs are rounded up or down to ‘preferred values’, e.g. 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5,
      10 mg/m3 etc.
000-5 General introduction
</pre>

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<pre>          In case the data base is insufficient to recommend a health-based OEL the
      committee will strive to judge in a semi-quantitative way whether or not the
      current administrative limit is health-protective.
          Carcinogenic substances are not taken into consideration by the committee.
      When the data base of a substance indicates carcinogenic and/or genotoxic
      potential, the committee recommends an evaluation and classification of the
      substance by DECOS. For substances tested for and proven to be toxic to
      fertility or development, the committee ascertains that the recommended
      health-based OEL protects against these effects as well. For quite a number of
      substances, however, these data were not available.
          A draft of each document was released for public review during a period of
      six weeks and comments received were taken into account in the final version
      of the document.
          The Hague, 14 December 2000,
          for the committee
          dr CA Bouwman,                       prof. dr J Noordhoek
          scientific secretary                 chairman
000-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 19 ======================================================================

<pre>Chapter 2
        The committee
           J Noordhoek, chairman
           professor of toxicology; University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The
           Netherlands
           A Aitio
           senior scientist; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World
           Health Organization, Switzerland
           PL Chambers †
           co-ordinator toxicology studies; University of Dublin, Ireland
           VJ Feron
           professor of toxicology; TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute,
           Zeist, The Netherlands
           H Greim
           professor of toxicology; GSF National Research Center for Environment
           and Health, Oberschleissheim, Germany
           U Hass
           senior researcher in toxicology; Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology;
           Søborg, Denmark
           CJ Högberg
           professor of toxicology; National Institute for Working Life and Karolinska
           Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
000-7   The committee
</pre>

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<pre>         G De Mik
         toxicologist; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
         Bilthoven, The Netherlands
         A Moses
         consultant toxicologist; Cheshire, United Kingdom
         W Seinen
         professor of toxicology; Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
         GMH Swaen
         epidemiologist; University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
         WMD Wagner, corresponding member
         American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
         Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
         RD Zumwalde
         senior scientist; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
         Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
         LCMP Hontelez, advisor
         Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, The Hague, The Netherlands
         WF Passchier, observer
         Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands
         CA Bouwman, scientific secretary
         Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands
000-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
</pre>

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<pre>Chapter 3
        Default values
        Adopted from the report ‘Methods for establishment of Health-based
        Recommended Occupational Exposure Limits for existing substances’,
        V96.463, 4 July 1996, by TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist,
        the Netherlands (see also De Raat et al, Reg. Toxiol. Pharmacol. 25, 1997:
        204-210).
         aspects                                           default value
         interspecies differences                          3
         intraspecies differences                          3
         differences between experimental conditions and   1-10
         exposure pattern of the worker
         type of critical effect                           1
         dose-response curve                               1
         confidence of the data base                       1
000-9   Default values
</pre>

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<pre>000-10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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<pre>Chapter 4
        Abbreviations
        Organisations and occupational exposure limits
        ACGIH       American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
        DECOS       Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards
        DFG         Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
        EPA         Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
        FDA         Food and Drug Administration (USA)
        HBR-OEL health based recommended occupational exposure limit
        HSE         Health and Safety Executive (UK)
        IARC        International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO)
        IPCS        International Programme for Chemical Safety
        MAC         maximaal aanvaarde concentratie (maximal accepted concentration)
        MAK         Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration
        MEL         maximum exposure limit
        NIOSH       National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
        NTP         National Toxicology Programme (USA)
        OECD        Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
        OEL         occupational exposure limit
        OES         occupational exposure standard
        OSHA        Occupational Safety and Health Association (USA)
        PEL         permissible exposure limit
        REL         recommended exposure limit
        RTECS       Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
        SCOEL       Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits
        SER         Social and Economic Council (Sociaal-Economische Raad NL)
        STEL        short term exposure limit
        TLV         threshold limit value
        TWA         time weighted average
        WHO         World Health Organisation
000-11  Abbreviations
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<pre>       Toxicological terms
       BALF           bronchio-alveolar lavage fluid
       bw             body weight
       CNS            central nervous system
       EC50           concentration at which a described effect is found in 50% of the exposed animals or at
                      which the effect is decreased up to 50% of the control value
       FCA            Freunds Complete Adjuvans
       FEV            forced expiratory volume
       FVC            forced vital capacity
       GD             gestation day(s)
       GPMT           guinea pig maximisation test
       GSH            glutathione
       h              hour
       IC50           concentration at which inhibition of a certain function is found up to 50% of the control
                      value
       im             intramuscular
       ip             intraperitoneal
       it             intratracheal
       iv             intravenous
       LC50           lethal concentration for 50% of the exposed animals
       LClo           lowest lethal concentration
       LD50           lethal dose for 50% of the exposed animals
       LDlo           lowest lethal dose
       LDH            lactate dehydrogenase
       LOAEL          lowest observed adverse effect level
       MAlvC          minimal alveolar concentration
       MFO            mixed function oxidase
       MMAD           mass median aerodynamic diameter
       MOAEL          minimal observed adverse effect level
       NOAEL          no observed adverse effect level
       n              number
       ppb            parts per billion (v/v)10-9
       ppm            parts per million (v/v)10-6
       PNS            peripheral nervous system
       po             per os (= oral)
       RBC            red blood cells
       RD50           concentration at which a 50% decrease of respiratory rate is observed
       SCE            sister chromatid exchange
       sc             subcutaneous
       UDS            unscheduled DNA-synthesis
       Vmax           maximal reaction velocity of an enzyme
       w              week
       Statistical terms
       CL             confidence limits
       GM             geometric mean
       OR             odds ratio
       RR             relative risk
       SD             standard deviation
       SEM            standard error of mean
       SMR            standard mortality ratio
000-12 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>       Analytical methods
       BEI         biological exposure index
       GC          gas chromatography
       HPLC        high performance liquid chromatography
       MS          mass spectrometry
       NMR         nuclear magnetic resonance
       PAS         personal air sampling
       TLC         thin layer chromatography
000-13 Abbreviations
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<pre>000-14 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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