<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>Boron trifluoride
(CAS No: 7637-07-2)
Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH/077, The Hague, 22 October 2003
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<pre>Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Boron trifluoride; Health-based Reassessment of
Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the
Netherlands, 2003; 2000/15OSH/077.
all rights reserved
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of boron
      trifluoride by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by A Wientjes, M.Sc. and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO
      Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of boron trifluoride has been based on the
      review by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      (ACG99). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated
      as will be indicated in the text. In addition, literature was retrieved from the on-
      line databases Medline, Toxline, Chemical Abstracts, and NIOSHTIC covering
      the period 1966 to 26 April 1999 (19990426/UP), 1965 to 29 January 1999
      (19990129/ED), 1967 to 24 April 1999 (19990424/ED), and 1973 to 16 July
      1998 (19980716/ED), respectively, and using the following key words: 7637-07-
      2, boron fluoride, BF3, boron trifluoride, trifluoroborane, and trifluoroboron.
      HSDB and RTECS, databases available from CD-ROM, were consulted as well
      (NIO00, NLM00). The final literature search has been carried out in April 1999.
           In April 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. Comments were received from the following
      individuals and organisations: L Whitford (Health and Safety Executive,
      London, United Kingdom). These comments were taken into account in deciding
      on the final version of the document.
           An additional search in Medline and Toxline in September 2003 did not
      result in information changing the committee's conclusions.
077-3 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>2     Identity
      name                               :     boron trifluoride
      synonyms                           :     boron fluoride; trifluoroborane; trifluoroboron
      molecular formula                  :     BF3
      molecular structure                :     -
      Data from HSE99, Ric92.
3     Physical and chemical properties
      molecular weight                   :   67,82
      boiling point                      :   -99.9)oC
      melting point                      :   -126.7oC
      flash point                        :   -
      vapour pressure                    :   at 20oC: 1.13kPa
      solubility in water                :   very soluble in cold water, decomposes in hot water
      log Poctanol/water                 :   0.22 (estimated)
      conversion factors                 :   at 20oC, 101.3 kPa): 1 ppm = 2.8 mg/m3
                                                                     1 mg/m3 = 0.35 ppm
      Data from ACG99, Cul94, Tor61, http://esc.syres.com.
      Boron trifluoride is a colourless, nonflammable gas with a pungent, suffocating
      odour. The odour threshold of boron trifluoride has not been determined but a
      concentration of 1.5 ppm (6 mg/m3) was found to be detectable by smell (Tor61).
      It hydrolyses in moist air to both boric and fluoboric acids and, possibly,
      hydrofluoric acid (ACG99).
4     Uses
      Being a Lewis acid (electron acceptor), boron trifluoride is mainly used as a
      catalyst in chemical reactions (Friedel-Craft reactions, polymerisations,
      esterifications, alkylations). It further finds it use in magnesium industry
      (because of its flame-retardant and antioxidant properties), in nuclear
      applications, and as a fumigant (ACG99, NIO76). As far as the committee
077-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      knows, the compound is not permitted to be used as a fumigant in the
      Netherlands.
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find studies on the toxicokinetics of boron trifluoride per
      se.
          Boron trifluoride will hydrolyse on contact with mucous membranes into
      boric, fluoboric, and, possibly, hydrofluoric acids.
          In 6-month inhalation studies, increased average fluorine concentrations
      were found in teeth and bone of rats and guinea pigs and in blood of guinea pigs.
      Contents in lung and liver were similar to those found in control animals (no
      Standard deviations or statistical analyses were presented) (Tor61).
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      Human data are limited to one case report and 2 studies on workers
      occupationally exposed to boron trifluoride and were discussed in the NIOSH
      criteria document. In the limitedly reported case study, acid burns were found
      upon placing cotton soaked with boron trifluoride in water on the skin for some
      days. According to an abstract of one study, 51 workers exposed to not reported
      levels of ethylene, isobutylene, and quite high, but unspecified concentrations of
      boron trifluoride for 10 to 15 years had experienced irritability, insomnia,
      headache, excessive fatigue, effects on the respiratory tract (dryness and bleeding
      of mucosa, bronchitis, emphysema) and the skin (exanthema, dryness), joint
      pain, and increased fragility of tooth enamel. In the other study, minimally to
      severely lowered pulmonary function was seen in 8 out of 13 workers with
      present or past exposure to boron trifluoride and other fluorides for one to 27
      years. A maximum concentration of 1.8 ppm (5 mg/m3) was measured at two
      24-hour measurement periods during the study. However, according to NIOSH,
      the accuracy and precision of the method were unknown and the figures are,
      therefore, not reliable (NIO76).
077-5 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>      Animal data
      Skin and eye irritation
      The committee did not find data on the (potential) eye and skin irritation and
      sensitisation of boron trifluoride.
      Acute exposure
      In rats (Fischer 344; n=5/sex/group) exposed to aerosols of boron trifluoride
      dihydrate with actual concentrations of 1010, 1222, 1320, 1540 mg/m3 (mass
      median aerodynamic diameter - MMAD -: ca. 1.8 µm; geometric standard
      deviation - GSD -: 1.9), for 4 hours, mortality rates were 3/10, 2/10, 8/10, and
      9/10, respectively. The 4-hour LC50 was calculated to be 1210 mg/m3. In-life and
      post-mortem observations showed respiratory distress, oral and nasal irritation,
      decreased body weight gain, and increased liver and kidney weights (Rus86). In
      another report, a 4-hour LC50for rats of 413 ppm (1180 mg/m3) was listed
      (Izm82). Following 1-hour exposures, LC50s of 387 and 371 ppm (1084, 1039
      mg/m3) were calculated for male and female rats, respectively (Ver77). In mice,
      the 2-hour LC50 was 1211 ppm (3460 mg/m3), while for guinea pigs, an LC50 of
      38 ppm (109 mg/m3) (duration not given) was listed (Izm82).
      In range-finding studies concerning 30-day experiments, 10/10 guinea pigs, 1/10
      mice, and 1/10 rats (strain and sex not reported) died during exposure to a
      calculated concentration of 750 ppm (2100 mg/m3) for 5.5 hours. At 350 ppm
      (1000 mg/m3), 7/10 guinea pigs died within about 1.5 hours,and at 135 ppm (375
      mg/m3), only 1/10 guinea pigs and no mice or rats died during a ca. 11-hour
      exposure (Spi53).
      Subacute exposure
      In a 2-week study, rats (Fischer 344; n=5/sex/group) were exposed to aerosols of
      boron trifluoride to mean concentrations of 0, 24, 66, and 180 mg/m3 (MMAD:
      ca. 1.8 µm; GSD: 1.9), 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, with a total of 9 exposures. All
      10 rats exposed to 180 mg/m3 died before the 6th exposure while there was no
      mortality at 24 and 66 mg/m3. At these lower concentration levels, animals
      showed respiratory distress, oral and nasal irritation, body weight gain
      depressions, increased absolute and relative lung weights, and decreased
      absolute and relative liver weights while kidney weights were normal. Upon
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<pre>      microscopic evaluation, no lesions were seen in the animals of these groups. The
      only treatment-related histological lesions observed in this study were necrosis
      and pyknosis of the proximal tubular epithelium in the kidney of the rats exposed
      to 180 mg/m3. However, examination of many tissues from this high-exposure
      group was hampered due to autolytic changes resulting from the death of these
      animals (Rus86).
           Results from 30-day studies performed during the 1940s were summarised
      by Spiegl (Spi53) and, more extensively, by NIOSH (NIO76). In the first study,
      rats (n=100), mice (n=101), guinea pigs (n=40), rabbits (n=12), cats (n=6), and
      dogs (n=5) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 100 ppm (280 mg/m3) of
      boron trifluoride, for 30 days. According to Spiegl, exposure was 6 hours/day, 6
      days/week; according to NIOSH, 4-7 hours/day, 5 days/week. Actual exposure
      concentrations varied between 38.5 and 185 ppm (108-518 mg/m3) with a mean
      value of 93.5 ppm (262 mg/m3), but an accurate method to verify actual
      concentrations was not available. Exposure caused the death of all animals; the
      length of exposure necessary to produce mortality varied with the species (on
      average, from less than 14 hours in guinea pigs to more than 180 hours in dogs).
      Reduced body weight gain was observed in all animals but was not uniform, and
      there was no clear correlation with exposure duration. Postmortem macroscopic
      examination showed moderate to severe lung (haemorrhage and mucus in the
      bronchioles) and kidney (distortion of the cortical and pyramidal striations)
      damage in cats, rats, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs. The exact nature and extent
      of the changes could not be ascertained because there were no controls or follow-
      up microscopy. The dogs were examined both macro- and microscopically. They
      all showed rather severe bronchopneumonia. Minor interstitial renal changes
      were seen as well but their relation with exposure could not be ascertained.
      Biochemical and haematology examinations performed in dogs and rabbits only
      showed decreased serum inorganic phosphate levels immediately prior to death
      and decreased red and white blood cell counts in the initial phase of the study.
      Finally, progressive fluorosis was found in rats. At the end, the tooth and bone
      fluoride levels in the exposed animals were 20 to 25 times higher than those in
      control animals. Another 34 male rats were concurrently exposed to 100 ppm
      (280 mg/m3). On each day, sacrifice of one rat was scheduled for serial
      examination, but during the 2nd week, 13 rats died from exposure. From the 5th
      day onwards, lung effects such as pneumonia and peribronchitis were observed
      but they did not correlate with the length of exposure. In addition, degenerative
      kidney changes were seen beginning with the 3rd exposure day and peaking on
      day 8. In the treatment-related deaths, bronchopneumonia (in 6/13), lung
      congestion and oedema (in 1/13), and renal degeneration (in 11/13) were seen.
077-7 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>      Examination of the control animals showed bronchopneumonia in 2/10 and low-
      grade interstitial nephritis in 1/10. In a second study, these 6 species were
      exposed similarly to 15 ppm (40 mg/m3). The actual concentrations varied from
      13 to 31 ppm (36-87 mg/m3) with a mean value of 19.8 ppm (55 mg/m3).
      Exposure induced appreciable mortality in mice (18/93) and occasional mortality
      in the guinea pigs (1/30) and rats (2/100) but not in dogs (n=5), cats (n=6), and
      rabbits (n=12). The higher mortality in mice was thought to have resulted from
      accidental exposure to BF3-contaminated water. Body weight losses of 12% were
      seen in dogs and cats while the other species gained weight normally throughout
      the study. No abnormalities were seen in blood samples taken weekly from dogs,
      rats, and rabbits. At the end of the exposure period, one control and 5 exposed
      dogs, 10 exposed rabbits (no controls reported), 10 exposed rats (no controls
      reported), and 5 exposed and 5 control guinea pigs were examined
      microscopically. No treatment-related lesions or fluorosis were seen in rats.
      There was lung haemorrhage in 1/5 exposed dogs, low-grade interstitial
      pneumonia in 2/10 exposed rabbits, bronchopneumonia in 4/5 exposed and 4/5
      control guinea pigs, and interstitial nephritis in 3/5 exposed and 4/5 control
      guinea pigs. An additional group of 45 adult male guinea pigs was concurrently
      exposed to 15 ppm, and one guinea pig was killed each day for gross lung
      examination and 2 guinea pigs were killed weekly for gross and microscopic
      examination of the tongue, cheeks, lungs, kidney, and liver. Of the former
      animals, 64% showed evidence of abnormal pneumonic processes but not of
      oedema or haemorrhage characteristically caused by lung irritants. There was no
      indication for a correlation with the length of exposure. All of the animals
      weekly sacrificed and 1/5 control animals showed interstitial bronchopneumonia.
      All other tissues were normal (NIO76, Spi53).
      Subchronic exposure
      Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were whole-body exposed to stable boron
      trifluoride dihydrate aerosols, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Fifteen
      rats/sex/group were killed during the 14th week while 5 animals/sex/group were
      held for a 2-week postexposure observation period. The nominal concentrations
      were 0, 6.4, 24, 54 mg/m3, the actual concentrations 0, 2.0, 6.0, and 17 mg/m3.
      The MMAD of the aerosols was ca. 1.8 µm (GSD: ca. 3.0). The mean relative
      humidity was ca. 60%. Treatment-related mortality was limited to one male
      animal of the high-exposure group. Body weights were not affected in any of the
      exposed groups. Primarily in the high-concentration groups, increased
      incidences of dried material around mouth and nose, rales, and excessive
077-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      lacrimation were observed. There were exposure-related decreases in mean
      urinary calcium concentrations being statistically significant in the 2 higher
      exposure groups and exposure-related increases in the urinary ionic and total
      fluoride amounts being statistically significant in almost all treated groups. These
      latter urinary levels were still elevated after the 2-week recovery period. Apart
      from exposure-related decreases in total protein and globulin concentrations,
      haematology parameters were not affected. Serum and bone fluorine
      concentrations were increased in all exposure groups, and, apart from serum
      levels in low- and mid-concentration female groups, still elevated after the
      2-week recovery period. Post-mortem examinations did not show effects on
      absolute or relative organ weights (brain, lungs with trachea, liver, spleen, heart,
      kidneys, gonads) or gross lesions. Upon microscopic examination, the most
      significant findings were necrosis and pyknosis of the proximal tubular
      epithelium in the kidney seen in 2/20 male rats (among which the treatment-
      related dead animal) exposed to 17 mg/m3. No lesions were seen in sections from
      the lungs, nasal turbinates, and other respiratory tract tissues. The NOAEL was
      set at 6 mg/m3 (Rus86).
           Another subchronic study has been performed by Torkelson et al. (Tor61).
      These authors present their concentrations in ppm suggesting vapours were
      produced. However, they noticed droplet formation. In addition, hydrolysis had
      occurred and etching compounds were formed as well. Overall, it was not clear
      to what compounds animals were exposed. In the first part of the study, female
      rats and male guinea pigs were whole-body exposed to nominal concentrations
      of 36 mg/m3 (12.8 ppm), 7 hours/day, 5 days/week. Five guinea pigs and 4/13
      rats received 42-45 exposures in 62-65 days. The remaining 9 rats were given 60
      exposures in 87 days after which 4 of them were killed and the other 5 were kept
      unexposed for another month. During the first part of the study, one rat and 7
      guinea pigs died. The guinea pigs showed obvious difficulty in breathing and
      appeared asthmatic, and death was the result of respiratory irritation and
      asphyxia. Final average body weights were increased in exposed animals (694 g
      vs. 592 g in controls; no explanation was given for an increase in body weight).
      Post-mortem examination of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas,
      and adrenals showed only effects on the lungs: increased relative lung weights
      and pneumonitis in the hilar regions. The cause of death of the rat was not
      determined. No changes as to appearance, mortality, and organ weights were
      observed in the rats receiving 45 exposures in 65 days. In the lungs, gross and
      microscopic changes indicative of chemically induced pneumonitis were seen,
      the hilar regions being most obviously affected. The 4 rats killed after 60
      exposures in 87 days also showed pathological changes in the lungs. The amount
077-9 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>       of fluoride ion ingested due to licking of the fur and skin may have contributed to
       the fluorosis seen in the teeth and the increased fluoride content of the tissue. In a
       second experiment, 5 female rats and 10 male guinea pigs were exposed to a
       nominal concentration of 22 mg/m3 (7.7 ppm), 7 hours/day, 5 days/week. The
       rats received 33 exposures in 51 days, the guinea pigs 28 in 41 days. The actual
       exposure was 8-11 mg/m3 (3-4 ppm). The rats were normal in appearance and
       growth. There was no evidence of fluorosis of the teeth although the teeth were
       light-coloured and the fluoride content of the teeth and bones was increased. In
       guinea pigs, exposure caused mortality in 4/10 animals. Death was accompanied
       by what appeared to be an asthmatic attack. The 6 surviving guinea pigs were
       obviously uncomfortable and had difficulty in breathing. No more data were
       presented. In the final part of this study, rats (n=12/sex), guinea pigs (n=10/sex),
       and rabbits (n=3/sex) were exposed to a nominal concentration of 8 mg/m3
       (3 ppm), 7 hours/day, 5 days/week. The animals received 127-128 exposures in
       182-183 days. The actual concentration was 4 mg/m3 (1.5 ppm). Growth,
       appearance, and mortality were normal for all groups with the exception of the
       female guinea pigs. For this group, the final average body weight was decreased
       (723 g vs. 855 g in controls; p=0.07). At autopsy, neither effects on organ
       weights nor gross abnormalities were seen in any of the exposed groups.
       Microscopically, rats showed changes in the lungs characterised by the presence
       of areas of pneumonitis, peribronchial round cell infiltration and areas of
       congestion of the capillaries lining the alveolar walls. Guinea pigs had a slightly
       higher incidence (30%) of pneumonitis. No effects were seen in the rabbits. An
       increase in the fluoride content of rat bone and teeth was found, but the teeth
       were not affected when compared to those of controls (Tor61).
            The committee did not find data on the potential carcinogenicity,
       genotoxicity/mutagenicity, or reproduction toxicity of boron trifluoride.
7      Existing guidelines
       The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for boron
       trifluoride in the Netherlands is 3 mg/m3 (1 ppm), as a ceiling value.
            Existing occupational exposure limits for boron trifluoride in some European
       countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
077-10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>8      Assessment of health hazard
       There are no valid human studies in which well characterised exposure by
       inhalation of boron trifluoride was related to systemic effects.
           The committee did not find data specifically addressing the potential skin and
       eye irriation or sensitisation of boron trifluoride. From a 4-hour LC50 of 1210
       mg/m3 in rats, the committee considers boron trifluoride to be ‘toxic following
       exposure by inhalation’.
           Data from inhalation experiments in rodents, cats, and dogs indicate that
       repeated exposure - for 30 days or more - can cause effects on the eyes, the
       respiratory tract, body weight, liver, kidneys, and teeth and that the guinea pig is
       the most sensitive species. Interpretation of the repeated inhalation studies is
       hampered by flaws such as difficulties in maintaining and monitoring exposure
       making it not clear to what compounds or levels animals were exposed.
       There is no information available on the potential reproduction toxicity,
       carcinogenicity, or genotoxicity/mutagenicity.
       The committee considers the subchronic study performed by Torkelson et al.
       (Tor61) as the study in which exposure was probably best reflecting occupational
       exposure conditions. In this study, rats and guinea pigs, but not rabbits, showed
       changes in the lungs following exposure to 4 mg/m3 of boron trifluoride, 7
       hours/day, 5 days/week, for 26 weeks. The LOAEL of 4 mg/m3 from this study is
       taken as a starting point in deriving a health-based recommended occupational
       exposure limit (HBROEL). For the extrapolation to a HBROEL, an overall
       assessment factor of 24 is established. This factor covers the following aspects:
       the absence of a NOAEL, intra- and interspecies variation, and differences
       between experimental conditions and the exposure pattern of the worker. Thus,
       applying this factor and the preferred value approach, a health-based
       occupational exposure limit of 0.2 mg/m3 is recommended for boron trifluoride.
       The committee recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit for
       boron trifluoride of 0.2 mg/m3 (0.07 ppm), as an 8-hour time-weighted average
       (TWA).
077-11 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>       References
ACG99  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Boron trifluoride. In: TLVs®
       and other occupational exposure values - 1999. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 1999.
ACG03a American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2003. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2003: 14.
ACG03b American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs® and BEIs® based on
       the documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical agents &
       Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2003: 17.
 Arb02 Arbejdstilsynet. Grænsværdier for stoffer och materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet,
       2002: 18 (At-vejledning C.0.1).
 Cul94 Culver DB, Smith RG, Brotherton RJ, et al. Boron. In: Clayton GD, Clayton FE, eds. Toxicology. 4th
       ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1994: 4411-48 (Patty's industrial hygine and toxicology; Vol II, Pt
       F).
DFG02  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of
       Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2002. Maximum
       concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH, 2002:
       29 (rep no 38).
EC03   European Commission (EC): Directorate General for Employment and Social Affairs. Occupational
       exposure limits (OELs). http://europe.eu.int/comm/employment_social/h&s/areas/oels_en.htm.
HSE99  Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Boron trifluoride. In: EH64. Summary criteria for occupational
       exposure limits + supplements. Sudbury (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 1999: D8.
HSE02  Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2002. Occupational Exposure Limits 2002. Sudbury
       (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2002: 13.
Izm82  Izmerov N F, Sanotsky IV, Siderov KK. Boron fluoride. In: Toxicometric parameters of industrial
       toxic Chemicals under single exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, 1982: 27.
NIO76  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Criteria for a recommended
       Standard. Occupational exposure to boron trifluoride. Washington DC, USA: NIOSH, 1976; DHEW
       (NIOSH) pub no 77-122.
NIO00  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), ed. Borane, trifluoro-. In: Registry of
       Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). [CD-ROM], issue April 2000. SilverPlatter
       International, 2000 (last update boron trifluoride file: December 1999).
NLM00  US National Library of Medicine (NLM), ed. Boron-trifluoride. In: Hazardous Substances Data Bank
       (HSDB). [CD-ROM], issue March 2000. SilverPlatter International, 2000 (last update boron
       trifluoride file: February 2000).
Ric92  Richardson ML, Gangolli S, eds. B169 Boron trifluoride. In: The dictionary of substances and their
       effects. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992: 696-8 (Vol 1).
077-12 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>Rus86  Rusch GM, Hoffman GM, McConnell RF, et al. Inhalation toxicity with boron trifluoride. Toxicol
       Appl Pharmacol 1989; 83: 69-78.
Spi53  Spiegl CJ. Inhalation-toxicity studies of boron halides and certain fluorinated hydrocarbons. In:
       Voegtlin C, Hodge HC, eds. Pharmacology and toxicology of uranium compounds. New York, USA:
       McGraw Hill Book Co, Inc, 1953: 2291-2321 (National Nuclear Energy Series, Manhattan Project
       Technical Section, DivisionVI; Vol 1, Chapter28, Pt A).
Swe00  Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational Exposure limit values and
       measures against air contaminants. Solna, Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and
       Health, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000:3.
SZW03  Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2003. The Hague,
       the Netherlands: Sdu, Servicecentrum Uitgevers, 2003: 18.
Tor61  Torkelson TR, Sadek SE, Rowe VK. The toxicity of boron trifluoride when inhaled by laboratory
       animals. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1961; 22: 263-70.
TRG00  TRGS 900. Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe. BArbBl
       2000; 2.
Ver77  Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC, et al. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic
       and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 42: 417-23.
077-13 Boron trifluoride
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<pre>              Annex
Occupational exposure limits for boron trifluoride in various countries.
                                     occupational              time-weighted      type of           notea     referenceb
                                     exposure limit            average            exposure limit
                                     ppm       mg/m3
The Netherlands
- Ministry of Social Affairs and     1,00      3,00            ceiling            administrative              SZW03
Employment
Germany
- AGS                                1,00      3,00            8h                                             TRG00
                                     1,00      3,00            15 min
- DFG MAK-Kommission                 -         -c                                                             DFG02
Great Britain
-HSE                                 1,00      2,80            15 min             OES                         HSE02
Sweden                               -         -               -                                              Swe00
Denmark                              1,00      3,00            ceiling                                        Arb02
USA
- ACGIH                              1,00      -               ceiling            TLV                         ACG03b
- OSHA                               1,00      3,00            ceiling            PEL                         ACG03a
- NIOSH                              1,00      3,00            ceiling            REL                         ACG03a
European Union
- SCOEL                              -         -                                                              EC03
a
    S = skin notation, which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
    cause sensitisation.
b
    Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
    Listed among substances for which studies of the effects in man or in experimental animals have yielded insufficient
    information for the establishment of MAk values.
077-14        Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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