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<pre>Propyne
(CAS No: 74-99-7)
Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH/128, The Hague, June 8, 2004
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<pre>Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Propyne; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands,
2004; 2000/15OSH/128.
all rights reserved
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of propyne
      by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of
      the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was
      prepared by M Busschers, M.Sc. and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO Nutrition and Food
      Research, Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of propyne has been based on the review by the
      American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
      (ACG98). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated
      as will be indicated in the text. In addition, in April 1999, literature was searched
      in the on-line databases Medline, Toxline, and Chemical Abstracts, starting from
      1966, 1965, and 1967, respectively, and using the following key words: propyne,
      methylacetylene, methyl acetylene, and 74-99-7.
           In July 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. No comments were received.
           An additional search in Toxline and Medline in November 2003 did not
      result in information changing the committee’s conclusions.
2     Identity
      name                       :   propyne
      synonyms                   :   1-propyne; methyl acetylene; allylene; propine
      molecular formula          :   C3H4
      structural formula         :
      CAS number                 :   74-99-7
3     Physical and chemical properties
      molecular weight           :   40.07
      boiling point              :   -23oC
      melting point              :   -103oC
      flash point                :   -
      vapour pressure            :   at 20oC: 507 kPa
      solubility in water        :   poorly soluble (at 25oC: 0.4 g/100 mL)
      log Poctanol/water         :   0.94 (experimental); 1.04 (estimated)
      conversion factors         :   at 20oC, 101.3 kPa: 1 ppm = 1.67 mg/m3
                                                          1 mg/m3 = 0.60 ppm
      Data from ACG98, NLM03, http:esc.syrres.com.
128-3 Propyne
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<pre>      Propyne is a colourless gas with a sweet odour.
4     Uses
      Propyne is used as a welding torch fuel, a chemical intermediate, and a
      propellant (ACG98, Hor57).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find data on the biotransformation and kinetics of
      propyne.
6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      The committee did not find data on the effects of propyne in humans.
      Animal data
      Irritation and sensitisation
      The committee did not find data on the potential irritating or sensitising
      properties of propyne.
      Acute toxicity
      At concentrations of 10-15% (100,000-150,000 ppm or 167,000-ca. 250,000
      mg/m3), propyne induced anaesthesia in rats and cats with cardiac irregularities
      and convulsive movements (Hen40). When 20 male rats were exposed to 42,000
      ppm (71,400 mg/m3) for 6 hours, they initially became hyperactive, but after 7
      minutes, they showed lethargy and signs of ataxia. Up to 45 minutes after
      starting exposure, they showed an increasing severity in abnormal and unsteady
      gait and in uncoordinated head movements, resulting in lying prone on the floor.
      After 95 minutes, the animals appeared completely anaesthetised. There was no
      mortality at the end of the exposure period. Most animals behaved normally
      within 40 minutes after ending exposure. Only effects on the lung were found at
      post-mortem examinations. In animals (n=5) killed immediately, lungs were dark
      red on the external surface and on cut section while microscopic findings
128-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      included oedema, bronchial contraction, and alveolar haemorrhage. In the
      remaining rats sacrificed 9 days post-exposure, the lungs showed more severe
      colouration and oedema while bronchiolitis and pneumonitis were observed
      microscopically (Hor57).
      Repeated-dose toxicity
      A group of 20 male rats and 2 male and 2 female dogs were exposed to an
      average concentration of 28,700 ppm (47,930 mg/m3), 6 hours/day, 5 days/week,
      for 6 months. Mortality was noted in 8/20 treated rats and in 2/20 control rats.
      The 4 dogs survived the treatment period. Symptoms included slight ataxia,
      salivation, excitement, mydriasis, and tremors. These symptoms disappeared
      rapidly after ending of each exposure. Body weights were slightly depressed in
      treated rats. Body weight loss was noted in exposed dogs during the first 6
      weeks, but they returned to their initial weights by week 14, and then continued
      to gain weight slightly. In rats, only lungs were affected, being distended and
      showing a dark-red colouration, ranging from speckled red areas to a
      homogeneous, dark-red, haemorrhagic appearance. The cut section of the rat
      lungs was a homogeneous, dark-red colour, and either oedema fluid or blood
      could be expressed from them. Some rat lungs had cysts that contained a
      ‘cheesy’ material. Microscopically, definite pulmonary irritation was observed in
      exposed rats. No macroscopic or microscopic abnormalities were found in the
      dogs (Hor57).
      The committee did not find data on the potential carcinogenicity or reproduction
      toxicity of propyne.
      Mutagenicity and genotoxicity
      Propyne was negative when tested under gas exposure conditions in S.
      typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 both with and without
      metabolic activation. Under these conditions, the compound was found positive
      when tested in E. coli strain WP2 uvrA both in the presence and absence of a
      metabolic activation system (Ara94).
128-5 Propyne
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<pre>7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for propyne in
      the Netherlands is 1650 mg/m3 (1000 ppm), 8-hour TWA.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for propyne in some European
      countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      The committee did not find data on effects of propyne in humans or animal data
      on the potential irritating or sensitising properties.
          In rats, no mortality was observed following a single 6-hour exposure to
      71,400 mg/m3 (42,000 ppm). Exposure caused transient effects on the nervous
      system and macroscopic and microscopic changes in the lungs.
          Repeated exposure to propyne for 6 months at 48,790 mg/m3 (28,700 ppm)
      resulted in mortality in 8/20 rats, but not in 4 dogs, in nervous system (transient)
      and body weight effects in both species, and in lung damage in rats.
          Propyne was found to be mutagenic in E. coli strain WP2 uvrA both in the
      presence and absence of metabolic activation, but not in S. typhimurium strains.
          The committee did not find data on the potential carcinogenicity or
      reproduction toxicity of propyne.
      The committee considers the toxicological database on propyne too poor to
      justify recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
      The committee concludes that, based on the mortality observed in the 6-month
      inhalation study, the present MAC value of 1650 mg/m3 (1000 ppm), 8-hour
      TWA, may be too high.
      References
ACG98 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Methyl acetylene. In:TLVs®
      and other occupational exposure values -1998. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA; ACGIH®, 1998.
ACG03 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
      exposure values - 2003. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, Inc, 2003: 83.
ACG04 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2004 TLVs® and BEIs®
      based on the documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical
      agents & Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2004: 37.
128-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>Arb02 Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet,
      2002: 30 (At-vejledning C.0.1).
Ara94 Araki A, Noguchi T, Kato F, et al. Improved method for mutagenicity testing of gaseous compounds
      by using a gas sampling bag. Mutat Res 1994; 307: 335-44.
DFG03 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of
      Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2003. Maximum
      concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the workplace Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH
      Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003: 77 (rep no 39).
EC04  European Commission: Directorate General of Employment and Social Affairs. Occupational
      exposure limits (OELs); http://europe.eu.int/comm/employment_social/health_safety/areas/
      oels_en.htm.
Hen40 Henderson VE. Anesthetic characteristics of methylacetylene. J Pharmacol 1940; 69: 74-5
Hor57 Horn HJ, Weir RJ, Reese WH. Inhalation toxicology of methylacetylene. AMA Arch Ind Health
      1957; 15: 20-6.
HSE02 Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2002. Occupational Exposure Limits 2002. Sudbury
      (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2002.
NLM03 US National Library of Medicine (NLM), ed. 1-Propyne. In: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank
      (HSDB) (last revision date propyne file: February 2003; last review date: September 1994); http://
      toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.
Swe00 Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational exposure limit values and
      measures against air contaminants. Solna, Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and
      Health, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000:3.
SZW04 Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2004. The Hague,
      the Netherlands: Sdu Uitgevers, 2004: 33.
TRG03 TRGS 900. Grenswerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe. BArbBl
      2003; (9).
128-7 Propyne
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<pre>              Annex
Occupational exposure limits for propyne in various countries.
country                              occupational           time-weighted           type of            notea      referenceb
- organisation                       exposure limit         average                 exposure limit
                                     ppm       mg/m3
the Netherlands
- Ministry of Social Affairs and     1000      1650         8h                      administrative                SZW04
Employment
Germany
- AGS                                1000      1700         8h                                                    TRG03
                                     4000      6800         15 min
- DFG MAK-Kommission                 -c        -c                                                                 DFG03
Great-Britain
- HSE                                -         -                                                                  HSE02
Sweden                               -         -                                                                  Swe00
Denmark                              1000      1650         8h                                                    Arb02
USA
- ACGIH                              1000      -            8h                      TLV                           ACG04
- OSHA                               1000      1650         8h                      PEL                           ACG03
- NIOSH                              1000      1650         10 h                    REL                           ACG03
European Union
- SCOEL                              -         -                                                                  EC04
a
     S = skin notation; which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
     cause sensitisation.
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
     Listed among compounds for which studies of the effects in man or experimental animals have yielded insufficient
     information for the establishment of MAK values.
128-8         Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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