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<pre>Disulphur dichloride
(CAS No: 10025-67-9)
Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH/119, The Hague, June 8, 2004
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<pre>Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Disulphur dichloride; Health-based Reassessment of
Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the
Netherlands, 2004; 2000/15OSH/119.
all rights reserved
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of disulphur
      dichloride by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by A Wientjes, M.Sc. and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO
      Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of disulphur dichloride has been based on the
      review by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      (ACGIH) (ACG91). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and
      evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, in January 1998, literature
      was searched in the on-line databases Medline, Cancerlit, Toxline, and Chemical
      Abstracts, starting from 1966, 1963, 1965, and 1967, respectively, and using the
      following key words: sulfur chloride, S2Cl2, disulphur dichloride, sulfur
      monochloride, chlorosulfane, dichlorodisulfane, sulfur subchloride,
      thiosulfurous dichloride, and 10025-67-9.
           In July 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. No comments were received.
           An additional search in Toxline and Medline in November 2003 did not
      result in information changing the committee’s conclusions.
2     Identity
      name                     :    disulphur dichloride
      synonyms                 :    disulfur dichloride; sulphur monochloride; sulfur monochloride;
                                    sulphur chloride; sulfur chloride; sulphur subchloride; sulfur
                                    subchloride; thiosulphurous dichloride; thiosulfurous dichloride
      molecular formula        :    Cl2S2
      structural formula       :    ClSSCl
      CAS number               :    10025-67-9
119-3 Disulphur dichloride
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<pre>3     Physical and chemical properties
      molecular weight          :   135.03
      boiling point             :   136oC
      melting point             :   -77oC
      flash point               :   130oC (open cup); 118oC (closed cup)
      vapour pressure           :   at 20oC: 0.9 kPa
      solubility in water       :   decomposes
      log Poctanol/water        :   4.26 (estimated)
      conversion factors        :   at 20oC, 101.3 kPa: 1 ppm = 5.63 mg/m3
                                                        1 mg/m3 = 0.18 ppm
      Data from ACG91, NLM03, http://esc.syrres.com.
      Disulphur dichloride is an amber, oily, non-flammable, fuming liquid that has a
      penetrating odour. The substance reacts violently with water, yielding sulphur,
      hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphite, and
      thiosulphate. In contact with air, corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride can
      be formed (ACG91).
4     Uses
      Disulphur dichloride is used in vulcanising rubber, manufacture of organic
      chemicals, printers’inks, varnishes, and cements, in hardening soft woods, and as
      an agricultural insecticide. Disulphur dichloride is also used for production of
      white vulcanised oils used for coating and impregnating textiles, modifying
      agents in erasers, purifying sugar juices, and gold extraction (ACG91, NLM03).
           According to the database of the Dutch Pesticide Authorisation Board
      (CTB)*, disulphur dichloride is at present not permitted in the Netherlands for
      use as an active ingredient in pesticides.
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find data on the biotransformation and kinetics of
      disulphur dichloride.
*     At: http://www.ctb-wageningen.nl.
119-4 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      Disulphur dichloride is considered an ocular, mucous membrane, and dermal
      irritant with a nauseating odour. Splashes of the liquid in the eyes will produce
      prompt, severe damage. Percutaneous contact with liquid disulphur dichloride
      will produce chemical burns and skin irritation if not removed immediately
      (ACG91). A concentration of approximately 12 mg/m3 (2 ppm) was described as
      nauseating (Rut86).
           Concentrations of 2-9 ppm (ca. 11-50 mg/m3) disulphur dichloride, found in
      the rubber industry, were stated to be only mildly irritating. These conclusions,
      however, were based on analytical determination by disulphur dichloride
      absorption in alkali and determination of the chloride and, as such, may have
      included a high proportion of hydrogen chloride (ACG91).
           A case of severe burns of the eyes and other body parts from contact with
      disulphur dichloride has been reported (Pey87).
      Animal data
      No rats (n=5/sex/group) died from exposure to 1723 mg/m3 (310 ppm) or below.
      At 2500, 2870, and 3487 mg/m3 (ca. 450, 520, 630 ppm), mortality was 30, 60,
      and 100%, respectively, indicating an approximate 4-hour LC50 of 2500 mg/m3
      (450 ppm). Clinical signs observed at 1335 mg/m3 (240 ppm) and above included
      ungroomed fur, piloerection, reduced motility, laboured and decelerated
      breathing, dyspnoea, and bloody and nasal discharge. At 2500 mg/m3 and above,
      extreme bradypnoea, cyanosis, corneal opacity, and necrotic changes at nose/
      muzzle area were seen as well. At necropsy of the animals that died within the
      14-day observation period, there were emphysema and oedema of the liver-like-
      changed lungs, hydrothorax, pale spleen and liver, gastrointestinal tract with
      bloody yellowish mucous content, reddening of the glandular stomach, and
      reddening and necrotic changes at the rhinarium. Some of the rats sacrificed at
      the end of the observation period showed emphysema and oedema of the lungs
      with liver-like or dark-red areas as well (Bom00). In mice, the LC50 was 150 ppm
      (850 mg/m3) (exposure duration not indicated) (NIO03). Referring to
      information published in 1931, it was stated that a concentration of 150 ppm
      (840 mg/m3) has been fatal to mice after an exposure of 1 minute; exposure to 12
      ppm (67 mg/m3) for 15 minutes was tolerated by cats, but an exposure to about
119-5 Disulphur dichloride
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<pre>      50 ppm (240 mg/m3) for 15 minutes could induce delayed deaths after a few days
      (ACG91).
          In rats (n=5/sex/group) given single oral doses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 200, and 500
      µL/kg bw (ca. 84, 101, 118, 135, 169, and 840 mg/kg bw), mortality was 0, 20,
      40, 60, 70, and 100%, respectively, from which an LD50 of 132 mg/kg bw was
      calculated. Animals died on days 1 to 8. The onset of symptoms was 15 minutes
      to 8 hours post-administration. At doses of 101 mg/kg bw and above, they
      included poor general condition, piloerection, lateral and ventral position,
      narcosis, and growth retardation. At necropsy of dead animals and of animals
      sacrificed at the end of the 14-day observation period, loss of gastric mucosal
      relief, reddened stomach and intestines, and dark-brownish discoloured liver and
      spleen were observed (Bom00).
7     Existing guidelines
      The current administrative occupational exposure limit (MAC) for disulphur
      dichloride in the Netherlands is 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm), which is a ceiling value.
          Existing occupational exposure limits for disulphur dichloride in some
      European countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8     Assessment of health hazard
      Disulphur dichloride is considered to be irritating to the eyes, mucous
      membranes, and skin.
          In experimental animals, LC50 values of ca. 2500 (450 ppm) (exposure
      duration: 4 hours) and 840 mg/m3 (150 ppm) (duration not reported) were
      estimated in rats and mice, respectively. The oral LD50 was 132 mg/kg bw in rats.
          The committee did not find other data from other studies on the effects of
      disulphur dichloride, such as irritation, sensitisation, repeated-dose toxicity -
      including carcinogenicity and reproduction toxicity – and mutagenicity and
      genotoxicity.
      The committee considers the toxicological database on disulphur dichloride too
      poor to justify recommendation of a health-based occupational exposure limit.
      The committee concludes that there is insufficient information to comment on
      the level of the present MAC-value.
119-6 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>      References
ACG91 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Sulfur monochloride. In:
      Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati OH,
      USA; ACGIH®, 1991: 1464-5.
ACG03 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
      exposure values - 2003. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2003: 123.
ACG04 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2004 TLVs® and BEIs®
      based on the documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical
      agents & Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2004: 52.
Arb02 Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet,
      2002: 37 (At-vejledning C.0.1).
Bom00 Bomhard E, Löser E, Pauluhn J. Acute toxicologic evaluation of disulfur dichloride. Int J Toxicol
      2000; 19: 342.
DFG03 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of
      Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2003. Maximum
      concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the workplace Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH
      Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003: 103 (rep no 39).
EC04  European Commission: Directorate General of Employment and Social Affairs. Occupational
      exposure limits (OELs); http://europe.eu.int/comm/employment_social/health_safety/areas/
      oels_en.htm.
HSE02 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) EH40/2002. Occupational Exposure Limits 2002. Sudbury
      (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2002: 17.
NIO03 US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), ed. Sulfur chloride. In: The
      Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) (last update disulphur dichloride file:
      October 2002); http://www.cdc.gov/niosh.
NLM03 US National Library of Medicine (NLM), ed. Sulfur monochloride. In: The Hazardous Substances
      Data Bank (HSDB) (last revision date disulphur dichloride file: November 2002; last review date:
      December 1989); http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.
Pey87 Peyresblanques J, Redon JJ. Brûlure oculaire par monochloride de soufre. Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr
      1987; 87: 429-30.
Rut86 Ruth JN. Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances. A review. Am Ind Hyg
      Assoc J 1986: 47: A-142-51.
Swe00 Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational exposure limit values and
      measures against air contaminants. Solna, Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and
      Health, 2000; Ordinance AFS 2000:3.
SZW04 Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Nationale MAC-lijst 2004. The Hague,
      the Netherlands: Sdu Uitgevers, 2004: 25.
119-7 Disulphur dichloride
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<pre>TRG03 TRGS 900. Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz; Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe. BArBl
      2003; (9).
119-8 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>              Annex
Occupational exposure limits for disulphur dichloride in various countries.
country                              occupational                 time-weighted        type of          notea      referenceb
- organisation                       exposure limit               average              exposure limit
                                     ppm           mg/m3
the Netherlands
- Ministry of Social Affairs and     1             6              ceiling              administrative              SZW04
Employment
Germany
- AGS                                1             5,6            8h                                               TRG03
                                     1             5,6            15 min
- DFG MAK-Kommission                 -c            -c                                                              DFG03
Great-Britain
- HSE                               1              5.6            15 min                                           HSE02
Sweden                               -             -                                                               Swe00
Denmark                             1              6              ceiling                                          Arb02
USA
- ACGIH                              1             -              ceiling              TLV                         ACG04
- OSHA                               1             6              8h                   PEL                         ACG03
- NIOSH                              1             6              ceiling              REL                         ACG03
European Union
- SCOEL                              -             -                                                               EC04
a
     S = skin notation; which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
     cause sensitisation.
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
     Listed among compounds for which studies of the effects in man or experimental animals have yielded insufficient
     information for the establishment of MAK values.
119-9         Disulphur dichloride
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<pre>119-10 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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