<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>Nitroethane
(CAS No: 79-24-3)
Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits,
a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands
No. 2000/15OSH/124, The Hague, June 8, 2004
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<pre>Preferred citation:
Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational
Exposure Limits. Nitroethane; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative
Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands,
2004; 2000/15OSH/124.
all rights reserved
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<pre>1     Introduction
      The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of
      nitroethane by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a
      committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this
      document was prepared by A Spooren, Ph.D. and H Stouten, M.Sc. (TNO
      Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, the Netherlands).
           The evaluation of the toxicity of nitroethane has been based on the review by
      the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
      (ACG91). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated
      as will be indicated in the text. In addition, in February 1998, literature was
      searched in the on-line databases Medline, Toxline, and Chemical Abstracts,
      starting from 1966, 1965, and 1967, respectively, and using the following key
      words: 79-24-3 and nitroethane.
           In July 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the
      document for public review. No comments were received.
           An additional search in Toxline and Medline in November 2003 did not
      result in information changing the committee’s conclusions.
2     Identity
      name                      :    nitroethane
      synonyms                  :    ethane, nitro-
      molecular formula         :    C2H5NO2
      structural formula        :    CH3-CH2NO2
      CAS number                :    79-24-3
3     Physical and chemical properties
      molecular weight         :     75.07
      boiling point            :     114oC
      melting point            :     -90oC
      flash point              :     28, 31oC (closed cup); 41oC (open cup)
      vapour pressure          :     at 25oC: 2.9 kPa
      solubility in water      :     slightly soluble (at 20oC: 4.5 mL/100 mL)
      log Poctanol/water       :     0.18 (experimental); 0.45 (calculated)
      conversion factors       :     at 20oC, 101,3 kPa: 1 ppm = 3.1 mg/m3
                                                            1 mg/m3 = 0.32 ppm
      Data from ACG91, NLM03, http://esc.syrres.com.
124-3 Nitroethane
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<pre>      Nitroethane is an oily, colourless liquid with a somewhat pleasant odour (fruity
      aroma). An odour threshold of 2.1 ppm (6.5 mg/m3) has been reported (Amo83).
4     Uses
      Nitroethane is used as a propellant gas in spray cans and as a solvent for cellulose
      esters, vinyl, alkyd, and other resins and waxes. It is also used in chemical
      syntheses (ACG91).
5     Biotransformation and kinetics
      The committee did not find human data on the biotransformation and kinetics of
      nitroethane.
          In anaesthetised male F344 rats, 58% of inhaled nitroethane was absorbed by
      the respiratory tract at a concentration of 1000 ppm (3100 mg/m3) and a
      respiratory minute volume of 53 mL/min. Using isolated upper and lower
      respiratory tracts and flow rates equivalent to the animals’ minute volume of
      53 mL/min, absorption percentages were 65 and 71%, respectively. Using a flow
      rate equivalent to a minute volume of 105 mL/min, absorption by the isolated
      upper respiratory tract decreased to ca. 53%. The absorption by the isolated
      upper respiratory tract was linear over a 10-fold exposure range of 100 to 1000
      ppm (310-3100 mg/m3) (Sto84). Applications to the skin gave no evidence of
      absorption sufficiently high to result in systemic injury (concentration unknown)
      (Mac40).
          Thirty hours following intravenous (ca. 0.3 g/kg bw) or oral (1 or 2 g/kg bw)
      administration to rabbits, almost none nitroethane could be recovered.
      Nitroethane was partly excreted via the lungs (Mac42).
          By either inhalation or oral administration, nitroethane was shown to be
      metabolised to aldehyde and nitrite, with the latter product eventually oxidised to
      nitrate (Sco43).
          In vitro, oxidative denitrification of nitroalkanes has been shown to occur by
      two mechanisms: the microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system and
      various flavoenzyme oxidases (Dav93).
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<pre>6     Effects and mechanism of action
      Human data
      There are several case reports on nitroethane producing methaemoglobinaemia
      in young children (13- to 27-month old) after ingesting nitroethane-containing
      artificial nail-removing products (Hor94, Ost95, She98, Wel96).
           No further human data were available.
      Animal data
      Irritation and sensitisation
      Exposure of rabbits and guinea pigs to 500 ppm (1555 mg/m3) nitroethane
      caused respiratory tract and conjunctival irritation; eyelids were reddened,
      discharges appeared, and the eyes were kept closed. No evidence of skin
      irritation was found after 4-hour skin application for 5 days (concentration
      unknown) (Mac40).
           The committee did not find data from sensitisation studies of nitroethane.
      Acute toxicity
      Referring to a chemical company’s data sheet, ACGIH stated that rats exposed to
      13,000 ppm (40,430 mg/m3) nitroethane for 6 to 7 hours all died while no effects
      were observed following exposure to 2200 ppm (6842 mg/m3) for 6 hours
      (ACG91).
           When rabbits and guinea pigs (n=2/group) were exposed to nitroethane at
      500-30,000 ppm (1555-93,300 mg/m3) for durations ranging from 0.5 hour to a
      total of 140 hours (given as daily 6-hour exposures), a dose-related mortality was
      observed. Rabbits and guinea pigs survived exposures to 2500 ppm (7775
      mg/m3) for 3 hours or 1000 ppm (3110 mg/m3) for 6 hours, but exposure to 1000
      ppm (3110 mg/m3) for 12 hours or 30,000 ppm for 30 minutes resulted in the
      death of 1 out of 2 rabbits. Rabbits exposed to 5000 ppm (15,550 mg/m3) for 3
      hours died, and autopsy revealed liver damage. The morphological liver damage
      was attributed to peroxidation. Nitroethane also exhibited anaesthetic properties
      (narcosis) in animals exposed to 30,000 ppm for longer than 1 hour or to 1000
      ppm (3110 mg/m3) for 5 or 6 hours. At 500 ppm, the lowest concentration used
124-5 Nitroethane
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<pre>      in this study, the animals survived an extended exposure period of 140 hours
      (Mac40).
          Rats (strain, number, sex not specified) exposed to 13,000 ppm (40,430
      mg/m3) died within the course of the experiment within 6 to 7 hours.
      Methaemoglobin levels were 2.8%. No mortality occurred following 5
      subsequent 6-hour exposures to 2200 ppm (6842 mg/m3). No
      methaemoglobinaemia was found in these animals (Deq72).
          In rats, an oral LD50 of 1100 mg/kg bw has been reported (NIO03, Ric94).
      For mice, oral LD50s were 860 (NIO03, Ric94) and approximately 2260
      mg/kg bw (Hit79). Amounts between 500-750 mg/kg bw were lethal to rabbits
      (Mac40).
          Male 3-month-old rats (n=5) dosed intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg bw of
      nitroethane showed minor liver damage which was attributed to limited
      peroxidative damage possibly involving reduction of the nitro group (Zit82). One
      intraperitoneal dose of 1.6 g/kg bw or 14 daily doses of 0.11 g/kg bw
      administered over 20 days induced very low methaemoglobin levels in rats
      (Deq72).
      Repeated-dose toxicity including carcinogenicity
      In a study carried out to determine exposure concentrations for a 13-week study,
      rats (F344) and mice (B6C3F1) (n=5/species/sex/group) were exposed to
      analytical concentrations of 0, 350, 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm (0, 1000, 3000,
      6000, 12,000 mg/m3), 6 hours/day, for 4 days. During the daily exposures, the
      control animals were not housed in the inhalation chambers but in similar cages
      in the animal room. In rats, all animals of the highest concentration group died
      after 2 exposures, showing symptoms of anaesthesia, poor coordination, slow
      laboured respiration, and dull dark-red eyes with some exudate around them.
      Gross post-mortem examination revealed a dark cyanotic appearance to the
      extremities and thymic atrophy in some rats. Exposure to 2000 ppm caused
      drowsiness (only after the first exposure), dull dark-red eyes, signs of eye and
      nasal irritation, rough coats, and body weight loss. At autopsy, hyperaemia and
      thymic atrophy were seen in some of the rats. In the animals exposed to 1000
      ppm, drowsiness (only after the first exposure), dull dark-red eyes, and signs of
      nasal irritation were observed. The first exposure caused body weight loss, but
      the animals gained weight after subsequent exposures. Upon gross post-mortem
      examination, there was thymic atrophy in some animals. Apart from thymic
      atrophy, no effects were found after exposure to 350 ppm. In mice, apart from
      occasional thymic atrophy, no effects were seen in the animals exposed to 350
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<pre>      and 1000 ppm. Exposure to 2000 ppm caused slightly laboured respiration (after
      the first exposure only), drowsiness, and slight incoordination, while 1 male and
      1 female animal died after 3 exposures. Gross pathological changes were thymic
      atrophy, decreased adipose tissue, bile or haemolysed blood in the stomach and/
      or small intestine, and decreased ingesta in the gastrointestinal tract. These
      changes were also seen in the animals exposed to 4000 ppm. All animals of this
      exposure group died before the third exposure (Gus82a).
          In a 90-day inhalation study* rats (F344) and mice (B6C3F1) (n=15/species/
      sex/group) were exposed to 0, 100, 350, or 1000 ppm (310, 1090, or 3110
      mg/m3) nitroethane, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week. During the exposure days, control
      animals were placed in an identical exposure chamber as the treated animals.
      Animals were sacrificed after 29-30 (interim kills; 5/species/sex/group) and 92-
      93 days. Haematology (including Heinz bodies and methaemoglobin), clinical
      chemistry, and urinalysis parameters were determined. Body and organ (liver,
      kidneys, brain, heart, thymus, testes) weights were obtained, and gross and
      microscopic examinations were performed. In rats, treatment did not induce
      mortality. Generally, exposure to nitroethane caused an oxidative stress on the
      haemoglobin of the treated animals that resulted in the most remarkable effect,
      viz, methaemoglobinaemia. In the high-concentration animals, this was detected
      by direct measurement and manifested by clinical signs such as dull, dark-red
      eyes and greyish or bluish skin of the extremities (cyanosis). Other effects such
      as a premature release of bone marrow reticulocytes, splenic extramedullary
      haematopoiesis, and increased presence of Heinz bodies were thought to be the
      consequence of the oxidative stress and methaemoglobinaemia as well. In
      addition, exposure to 1000 ppm caused decreased body weight gain (with
      secondary effects on other parameters), moderate degenerative and inflammatory
      changes in the olfactory nasal epithelium, slight hepatocellular vacuolisation,
      splenic congestion, slightly decreased cytoplasmic granularity of the ductal
      epithelial cells of the salivary glands, and slightly decreased cytoplasmic
      granularity of the renal cortical tubular epithelium. In the 350-ppm group, similar
      but less severe changes in methaemoglobin level, body weight (gain), spleen,
      liver, nasal turbinates, and salivary glands were found. In animals exposed to 100
      ppm, only minimal or very slight changes were found in methaemoglobin level,
      spleen, and salivary glands. In mice, changes were generally similar but less
      severe than those found in rats. Four male animals died during the study (1
      control, 2 exposed to 350 ppm, 1 exposed to 1000 ppm), but their death was not
      considered to be treatment related. In the 1000-ppm group, there were increased
*     No tables were present in the copy of the study report available to the committee.
124-7 Nitroethane
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<pre>      methaemoglobin levels with an increased presence of reticulocytes and Heinz
      bodies, moderate degeneration of the olfactory mucosa with or without
      inflammation including moderate glandular hyperplasia, slightly increased
      cytoplasmic homogeneity of the liver, transient salivary gland alterations of
      decreased cytoplasmic granularity and decreased eosinophilic staining, and
      presence of multinucleated spermatids in the testes. In the 350-ppm group, only
      changes in methaemoglobin level, liver, and nasal turbinates were found. In the
      100-ppm group, effects were limited to minimal changes in the nasal turbinates
      in females only and to transient effects (found at the interim and not at the
      terminal kill) on salivary glands (Gus82a, Gus82b). From this study, no NOAEL
      can be derived since effects were observed at all concentrations tested. For both
      rats and mice, 100 ppm (310 mg/m3) is concluded to be the LOAEL. The
      (occasional, rather consistently found) thymus effects reported in the range-
      finding study were obviously not very important. In the 13-week study, no such
      effects were reported in mice. As to rats, the only observation reported was a
      decreased thymus size in a few animals of the high-concentration group at the
      terminal kill without microscopic changes.
           Male and female Long-Evans rats (n=40/sex/group) were exposed by
      inhalation to 100 or 200 ppm (310 or 620 mg/m3) nitroethane, 7 hours/day, 5
      days/week, for 2 years. Control groups (n=40/sex) were included, but not housed
      in the exposure chamber during the exposure periods. All animals sacrificed
      were examined grossly and histologically. Many organs and tissue were prepared
      for microscopic examination; of the respiratory tract, the lungs and the trachea
      were included but not the nasal cavity. Blood samples were also obtained from
      representative groups of animals (10 males and 10 females) for haematology
      (erythrocyte counts, leukocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, packed cell
      volume, and haemoglobin; methaemoglobin was not included) and serum
      chemistry studies (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total
      bilirubin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, sodium, and potassium).
      There was no treatment-related mortality. Mean terminal body weights were
      decreased in both treatment groups (by 5-6% in males, 12-13% in females) when
      compared to those in controls. It was stated that upon statistical analysis of the
      results of the male groups, there was a significant decrease in mean body weights
      in the 100-ppm group throughout the study and in the 200-ppm group during
      weeks 6-15 and thereafter occasionally. As to females, the differences were
      significant in the 200-ppm group throughout the study and in the 100-ppm group
      occasionally only. There were no treatment-related increases in the incidence of
      any tumour. The treatment did not induce any other effect on any of the
      parameters investigated in any of the treated groups (Gri86). From this study,
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<pre>      100 ppm (310 mg/m3), the lowest level tested, is considered to be the LOAEL
      since 2-year exposure to this concentration induced a slight effect on male body
      weight.
          No statistically significant increase in the incidence of any tumour was found
      in rats (Long-Evans hooded) exposed intermittently to approximately 9 ppm
      nitroethane and 9-27 ppm diethylhydroxylamine and continuously to an
      unknown concentration of diethylamine hydrogen sulphite, for about 29 months,
      when compared with controls (Hei81). When mice (ICR Swiss) were exposed to
      about 10 ppm nitroethane and 10 ppm diethylhydroxylamine, 6-8 hours/day, 5
      days/week, and to an unknown concentration of diethylamine hydrogen sulphite,
      24 hours/day, 7 days/week, for over 2 years, a decrease in the incidence of all
      tumours was found in the female animals when compared with controls. In
      males, exposure induced a marginally statistically significant increase (P=0.048)
      in the incidence of subcutaneous tumours (principally fibrosarcomas) (Hei82).
      Mutagenicity and genotoxicity
      Nitroethane was not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA92, TA98, TA100,
      TA102, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 when tested with and without metabolic
      activation (Day89, Dom80, Hit79, Löf86, War88).
          In vivo, nitroethane was also negative in the micronucleus test with mice
      given 2 consecutive daily oral doses of nitroethane of 282, 565, or 1130
      mg/kg bw. The doses were selected based on an oral LD50 of about 2260
      mg/kg bw (Hit79). The committee considers this study inadequate. No data were
      presented to evaluate whether the doses were high enough or whether the
      compound has reached the bone marrow. Furthermore, animals were sacrificed 6
      hours after the last dose, while according to current OECD and EU guidelines, in
      case of multiple dosing, samples should be taken once between 18 and 24 hours
      following the final treatment for bone marrow and once between 36 and 48 hours
      following the final treatment for the peripheral blood.
          A negative result was reported in a dominant lethal test in which male rats
      were exposed to 10 ppm nitroethane and 9 ppm diethylhydroxylamine for several
      months (1541-1673 hours) and mated with unexposed virgin females (two
      females per male) (Leg79). However, in view of the low concentration tested, the
      committee considers this study inadequate.
124-9 Nitroethane
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<pre>       Reproduction toxicity
       Mice exposed to 1000 ppm (3110 mg/m3) nitroethane showed multinucleated
       spermatids in the testes, an effect indicating chromosomal damage (Gus82a,
       Gus82b).
           There is no information available on the development or reproduction
       toxicity potential in mammals exposed to nitroethane only. However, neither
       maternal nor developmental effects were observed in a teratology study in which
       pregnant mice (ICR Swiss; n=25) were exposed to approximately 14 ppm
       nitroethane and approximately 9 ppm diethylhydroxylamine, 6-8 hours/day, and
       to an unknown concentration of diethylamine hydrogen sulphite, 24 hours/day,
       from gestational day 6 to 17 (Bel78). In a 3-generation reproduction toxicity
       study, no statistically significant differences regarding parental and reproduction
       toxicity parameters were found between control mice and mice (ICR Swiss)
       exposed to approximately 11 ppm nitroethane and approximately 8 ppm
       diethanolhydroxylamine, 6-8 hours/day, 5 days/week, and to an unknown
       concentration of diethylamine hydrogen sulphite, 24 hours/day, 7 days/week
       (Hei79).
7      Existing guidelines
       The current administrative occupationally exposure limit (MAC) for nitroethane
       in the Netherlands is 60 mg/m3 (20 ppm), 8-hour TWA.
           Existing occupational exposure limits for nitroethane in some European
       countries and in the USA are summarised in the annex.
8      Assessment of health hazard
       The committee did not find data on occupationally exposed workers. Case
       reports on poisoning episodes following accidental ingestion indicate that
       nitroethane can produce methaemoglobinaemia in humans.
           There are no data on the potential irritation or sensitisation from experiments
       meeting current criteria. However, limited data from old inhalation exposure
       experiments showed that nitroethane might be a respiratory tract and eye irritant
       in rabbits and guinea pigs.
           The committee considers methaemoglobinaemia to be the critical effect in
       rats and mice following repeated inhalation exposure to nitroethane.
       Furthermore, there were effects on body weight, spleen, liver, salivary glands,
       and nasal turbinates.
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<pre>           There was no evidence for carcinogenicity in a 2-year inhalation study in rats
       at concentrations (viz., 100 and 200 ppm) that caused slight effects on body
       weight only.
           Nitroethane was negative in mutagenicity tests in S. typhimurium strains
       TA92, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1537 with and without metabolic
       activation. Nitroethane caused an increase in multinucleated spermatids in mice
       exposed to 1000 ppm (3110 mg/m3) for 13 weeks, but not in mice exposed to 350
       ppm (1090 mg/m3). Because of flaws in design, the committee considered an in
       vivo micronucleus test in mice and a dominant lethal test in rats (both with a
       negative result) as inadequate.
           Developmental and parental parameters were not affected when nitroethane
       was tested in a teratology and 3-generation reproduction toxicity study with mice
       at a concentration of approximately 10 ppm in the presence of vapours of
       diethylhydroxylamine and diethylamine hydrogen sulphite.
           Since methaemoglobinaemia was the critical effect observed in the 13-week
       study by Gushow et al. at levels below those inducing effects on body weight
       (gain) and since this was not addressed in the 2-year study (in which effects on
       body weight were critical), the committee takes the 13-week inhalation study as a
       starting point in deriving a health-based recommended occupational exposure
       limit (HBROEL). In this study, nitroethane induced besides
       methaemoglobinaemia, decreased body weight (gain) and histological lesions of
       the nasal turbinates, liver, spleen, kidneys, and salivary glands. Generally, effects
       occurred in both rats and mice, but mice were less sensitive. A NOAEL could not
       be derived since at the lowest level tested minimal or very slight changes were
       found in methaemoglobin levels, spleen, and salivary glands in rats and in the
       nasal turbinates (in females only) and salivary glands (in interim kills only) in
       mice. Thus, the LOAEL of 310 mg/m3 (100 ppm) is taken as a starting point. For
       the extrapolation to an HBROEL, an overall assessment factor of 18 is
       established. This factor covers the following aspects: the absence of a NOAEL
       and inter- and intraspecies variation. Thus, applying this factor and the preferred-
       value approach, a health-based occupational exposure limit of 20 mg/m3 is
       recommended for nitroethane.
       The committee recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit for
       nitroethane of 20 mg/m3 (6 ppm), as an 8-hour time-weighted average
       concentration.
124-11 Nitroethane
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<pre>       References
ACG91  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Nitroethane. In:
       Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati OH,
       USA; ACGIH®, 1991: 1105-6.
ACG03  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to occupational
       exposure values - 2003. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2003: 96.
ACG04  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2004 TLVs® and BEIs®
       based on the documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances and physical
       agents & Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, 2004: 42.
Amo83  Amoore JE, Hautala E. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold
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Arb02  Arbejdstilsynet. Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer. Copenhagen, Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet,
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Bel78  Beliles RP, Makris SL, Ferguson F, et al. Teratology study in mice subjected to inhalation of
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Dav93  Davis RA. Aliphatic nitro, nitrate, and nitrite compounds. In: Clayton GD, Clayton FE, eds.
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Day89  Dayal R, Grescher A, Harpur ES, et al. Comparison of the hepatoxicity in mice and the mutagenicity
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Deq72  Dequidt PJ, Vasseur P, Potencier J. Étude toxicologique expérimentale de quelques nitroparaffines.
       3) Étude du nitro-éthane. Bull Soc Pharm Lillie 1972; 4: 137-41.
DFG03  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of
       Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. List of MAK and BAT values 2003. Maximum
       concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the workplace Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH
       Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003: 86 (rep no 39).
Dom80  Domoradzki JY. Evaluation of chlorothene VG and its components in the Ames’ Salmonella/
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EC04   European Commission: Directorate General of Employment and Social Affairs. Occupational
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<pre>Gus82a Gushow TS, Bell TJ, Burek JD, et al. Nitroethane: a 4-day and 13-week inhalation study in rats and
       mice. Midland MI, USA: Dow Chemical, Health Environ Sci, Toxicol Res Lab, 1982; available from
       NTIS, Springfield VA, USA; order no NTIS/OTS0520703.
Gus82b Gushow TS, Bell TJ, Burek JD, et al. Nitroethane: a 13-week inhalation toxicity study in rats and
       mice. Toxicologist 1982; 2: 561.
Hei79  Heicklen J, Partymiller K, Kelly N, et al. Three-generation reproduction study in mice subjected to
       inhalation of diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Environ Res
       1979; 20: 450-4.
Hei81  Heicklen J, Meagher JF, Weaver J, et al. Toxicological testing of rats subjected to inhalation of
       diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Environ Res 1981; 26: 258-
       73.
Hei82  Heicklen J, Lundgard R, Partymiller K. Chronic inhalation study of mice subjected to
       diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Environ Res 1982; 27: 277-
       89.
Hit79  Hite M, Skeggs H. Mutagenic evaluation of nitroparaffins in the Salmonella Typhimurium/
       mammalian microsome test and the micronucleus test. Environ Mutagen 1979; 1: 383-9.
Hor94  Hornfeldt CS, Rabe WH III. Nitroethane poisoning from an artificial fingernail remover. Clin
       Toxicol 1994; 32: 321-4.
HSE02  Health and Safety Executive (HSE). EH40/2002. Occupational Exposure Limits 2002. Sudbury
       (Suffolk), England: HSE Books, 2002: 22.
Leg79  Legator M, Kouri RE, Parmar AS, et al. Mutagenic testing of diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and
       diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Environ Res 1979; 20: 99-124.
Löf86  Löfroth G, Nilsson L, Andersen JR. Structure-activity relationship of nitroalkane-induced
       mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella assay. Prog Clin Biol Res 1986; 209B: 149-55.
Mac40  Machle W, Scott EW, Treon J. The physiological response of animals to some simple
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124-13 Nitroethane
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124-14 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits
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<pre>              Annex
Occupational exposure limits for nitroethane in various countries.
country                            occupational exposure          time-weighted       type of          notea      referenceb
- organisation                     limit                          average             exposure limit
                                   ppm          mg/m3
the Netherlands
- Ministry of Social Affairs and 20             60                8h                  administrative              SZW04
Employment
Germany
- AGS                              100          310               8h                                              TRG03
- DFG MAK-Kommission               100          310               8h                                              DFG03
                                   400          1240              15 minc                              d
Great-Britain
- HSE                              100          312               8h                  OES                         HSE02
Sweden                             20           60                8h                                              Swe00
                                   50           150               15 min
Denmark                            100          310               8h                                              Arb02
USA
- ACGIH                            100          -                 8h                  TLV                         ACG04
- OSHA                             100          310               8h                  PEL                         ACG03
- NIOSH                            100          310               10 h                REL                         ACG03
European Union
- SCOEL                            -            -                                                                 EC04
a
     S = skin notation; which means that skin absorption may contribute considerably to body burden; sens = substance can
     cause sensitisation.
b
     Reference to the most recent official publication of occupational exposure limits.
c
     Maximum number per shift: 4, with a minimum interval between peaks of 1 hour.
d
     Listed among compounds with MAK values but no pregnancy risk group classification.
124-15        Nitroethane
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<pre>124-16 Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits</pre>

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