<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>13971518
         Project    NortH2:       Key      messages and QAs                (These     have to be checked                  by
         a translator. So         please do         not pay too much attention to the use of
         language)
         GENERAL  (TO   BE USED BY ALL CONSORTIUM PARTNERS               EXTERNALLY)
         Larger,    greener, faster
                Larger: Scaling and integration of project (from wind        to hydrogen production)
             VV Greener: Reduction CO2-emissions         through   use of renewable    electricity and hydrogen
             V  Faster: With   policy and relevant partners      we can  achieve  our goals faster
         KEY MESSAGES
                The ‘NortH2’ project will be the      largest Green  Hydrogen project     in  Europe  to date
                The project will achieve fast decarbonization of the energy system
                The project aims    on   greening the industry, heavy transport and possibly        even   built environment
                Northern Netherlands is      uniquely positioned    to become the center for green        hydrogen    in
                Northern Europe
                We call   on the government to act      swiftly to make   sure the Netherlands,     can  realise this project
                starting today
                Energy   transition is  a team  sport; that’s why   we  work chain-wide,     multi-disciplinary and    cross
                border
                The project started with     a feasibility study (Phase 1) that the   consortium finalized in November
                2020, after which the second phase of the research          starts
         SUPPORTING FACTS
         NortH2 vision:
                Green energy from      source  to customer    —
                                                                 from renewable power to green        hydrogen storage &
                distribution; where different partners collaborate         on achieving the    necessary scale to realise
                the European, German and Dutch climate ambitions.
                New wind farms in the North Sea feed         a mega-hydrogen facility    in Eemshaven       (NIO, after 2030
                possibly complemented with offshore hydrogen production.
                The ambition is to generate around 3 to 4 GW of wind energy for             hydrogen production before
                2030, possibly 10 GW around 2040.
                Green    hydrogen production     of 800,000 tonnes, avoids around 7 megaton CO, emissions
                annually.
                Natural Gas infrastructure     (Gasunie) transports green hydrogen       to   (industrial) customers in the
                Netherlands and Northwest Europe.
                A  large  green hydrogen buffer (empty salt caverns) provides the          necessary   flexibility because
                solar and wind energy      are susceptible  to fluctuations.
                Province of   Groningen becomes the European          centre of green   hydrogen production and         a
                European example       as the first European    Hydrogen Valley.
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         e
           The investments in NortH2 will create thousands of jobs in the northern Netherlands (see also
           the research of University of Groningen November 2020)).
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<pre>13971518
         Q&A’s   —
                    PROJECT GENERAL
         Ql. What is project NortH2 about?
         Al.  Hydrogen will play      a  key role   in realising  our   national and European climate targets. The        use  of green
         hydrogen    will lead to   a  significant   reduction in CO, emissions and         a more  sustainable   industry.
         A consortium      currently comprising of Gasunie, Groningen Seaports, RWE, Equinor and Shell, supported
         by the province of Groningen,          starts   now  with the necessary steps for       large-scale green hydrogen
         production,     storage and transport.
         In concrete terms, the       project   is about the   realisation,   in phases, of i) offshore wind farms to generate
         renewable     electricity ii)  dedicated for onshore green          hydrogen production, iii) onhore      green  hydrogen
         storage This requires the construction of           a hydrogen facility     in the Eemshaven to convert renewable
         electricity into hydrogen,       the realisation of    hydrogen storage       in depleted  salt caverns  and the
         repurposing of      Gasunie natural gas infrastructure to          transport the hydrogen      to primarily  industrial
         customers in the Netherlands and Northwest                 Europe.
         Q2. What is the exact scale of the hydrogen facility? And why the largest hydrogen project in Europe?
         A2. The exact size is not fixed       yet, the necessary research still needs         to be done. The ambition is to
         generate about 3 to 4 GW of wind energy for green                  hydrogen production by 2030,       and  possibly  realise
         10 GW of    electrolysis capacity by       2040.   By comparison, with 800,000         tonnes of  hydrogen,    more  than
         half of the current Dutch molecule consumption                 can  be decarbonised and fits the ambitions of the
         industry.
         Ultimately, the     aim is of  course    to significantly contribute     to the   CO; reduction targets of the Dutch and
         German Climate       Accords, with the ultimate        goal    of achieving  the targets of the European Green Deal
         and the Paris Climate Agreement.
         For  info:
         e
           with 10 GW of offshore wind           capacity for electrolysis,     more   than 800,000 tons of green      hydrogen    can
         be  produced.
         *
           10 GW is    equal   to the current     electricity consumption       of approximately     12.5 million Dutch households
         (however,    it is not used for this     purpose).
         Q3. What    are   the concrete      (‘required’) steps     the consortium will take?
         A3. For the transition to       (green) hydrogen,      an  entire   new  integrated   value chain needs to be set up,     fast,
         integrated   and                                              is
                             large-scale. Currently, hydrogen mainly produced                 from natural gas. NortH2will     produce
         hydrogen from renewable electricity thatwill be used broadly to replace fossil fuels directly at industrial
         users.  NortH2     envisages    in concrete terms:
              e   The realisation, in      phases, of    an offshore mega wind farm to generate renewable power
              e   The construction of        a hydrogen facility      in the Eemshaven to convert renewable power to
                   hydrogen (and potentially          in next phases offshore      as well)
              e   The realisation of       hydrogen storage      in  case  the wind does not blow and for       periods  of additional
                   demand
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              e    The   repurposing of     Gasunie infrastructure to         transport the hydrogen       to industrial customers in
                   the Netherlands and Northwest             Europe
              e    The customer needs to          adjust  its facilities and processes for the       use  of green   hydrogen
              e    In  addition,   a wide range of     policies, standards, procedures and regulations need               to be  arranged
                   so  that this   new   value chain   can   be realised and the       use of renewable fuels     can   be encouraged
              e    We realise the entire chain at        once    in the first  phase, then    this will be  gradually expanded
         Q4 What is that first phase?
         A4, The first    steps include    to in-depth    research what is needed to realise the first          phase,   about 1
         gigawatt of wind capacity by 2027, of this project. Specifically, that would entail                  an  offshore wind    farm,
         an  electrolyser,    a  network that connects        multiple    industrial clusters and storage. And also agreements
         with future green       hydrogen industrial and/or heavy transport              customers. From the      start,  we  found it
         critical that   new   partners would join.to form         a  widely supported      consortium. The recent       joining of
         Equinor and      RWE    are therefore of eminent importance.
         Q5. What is the role of every consortium partner in the project? Why these partners?
         A5. The four     launching internationally operating partners             all have  a strong connection with the Northern
         region of the Netherlands and want to make                a  big  step in the  NW-European       energy transition. That is
         how the current consortium           was  formed. The parties        complement each other well.         Gasunie knows
         about transport and storage of gas. Groningen Seaports                  developed     into  an  energy  port and has the
         space to facilitate     a new   electrolyser,   set up local    grids and positions itself     as ‘hydrogen port’.    GSP also
         develops all kinds of services that support the hydrogen value chain. Shell has experience with
         molecules     (gas), with   wind energy and       additionally a    vast  experience with large projects        next to the
         technical   expertise.    Given the scale of the      project and the societal significance,        we are    looking  to expand
         the consortium      with, amongst others,        several    large  energy   companies.    The   province  of   Groningen   is
         actively driving    new    activities in the field of the energy transition for the          province. The province does
         not invest in the      project but supports     it.
         Q6.
         Ab. The role of the Dutch
                                             Dutch Government?
               What is the role of thegovernment          is to create the     regulatory   and  supporting policy framework
         within which it becomes         possible   to set up this entire chain.       Consider, for example, the allotment of         new
         wind farms in the northern part of the North Sea,                regulations for the storage, transport and supply of
         hydrogen,     stimulation of demand for lower carbon               hydrogen and     investments in    (parts of)  the value
         chain. In addition,      we see an   explicit role for the government          in stimulating industry to switch from fossil
         molecules to green molecules.
         Q7.
               How much will be invested in this project? How much project.
         A7. It is still unclear how much needs to be invested in this
                                                                                      do all consortium partners contribute?
                                                                                               But it is obvious that the
         construction of offshore wind and           electrolysis capacity      on a  gigawatt scale and the      necessary transport
         infrastructure requires       an  investment of     some     billions. Therefore, it is crucial for other parties to join in
         order to achieve this vision. As        a result,  we   can’t yet say who contributes how much.
         Q8. Will the     (financial)   commitment of the current partners stand if there                are no  additional    (paying)
         companies?
         A8. The consortium         partners   are  capable    and determined to        develop   and construct    a  green  hydrogen
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<pre>13971518
         value chain.    Ultimately,    the investments in this          project will have    to be economic. And       we can   do that if
         we  all work   together    and with constructive commitments from the authorities.                      Together   we can    realise
         this great ambition. If     no   other strong partners will         join,  it will probably    have consequences for the
         speed   and the final size of the project. But            we  anticipate this chance to be very small.
         Q9. When will the project be realised?
         A9. We envision the first and second                phase  of the  project, with respectively        1 and 3-4 GW wind      capacity
         connected to green        hydrogen production,           to be realised in the second half of this decade. This is           a  dire
         necessity  in order to realize the national and              European climate ambitions.
         Q10.   hydrogen
                 Why green                    and not blue?
         A10.   Energy transition     is  a  game of      ‘and-and’,   not ‘or-or’.   Eventually,   in the  long  run, all hydrogen
         produced    will be green. And that ambition NortH2 wants to kickstart! At present,                        hardly  any green
         hydrogen    is  produced    in   Europe. Establishing the         necessary green      hydrogen production capacity will
         take many decades,        so  it is essential to start      now.   The transition to     a  mature    hydrogen    economy      can   be
         done very well in combination with blue                 hydrogen,   in which the     parties   in this consortium    are  also
         involved.
         Q11.
                 Who benefits from this project and what are the benefits of this project for the Netherlands?
         All. For the Netherlands there is              a number of     advantages. Firstly, the      CO2 emissions of the Netherlands
         are  reduced. This is    an  important step towards            a CO2-neutral economy. In addition, this project offers
         the Dutch    industry the opportunity to decarbonise                its production and products. The Netherlands would
         be  leading the    way in   Europe      in the field of    hydrogen.    It creates   new   opportunities for Dutch companies
         and contributes to the       long-term        earning capacity of the Netherlands. The Netherlands                can optimize
         their position    as first ‘European hydrogen hub’. Exactly by converting large quantities of electricity from
         offshore wind into green          hydrogen       in  Groningen, large    investments for       transport of electricity from the
         north of the Netherlands to the Randstad                 can  be saved.
         For  Groningen, there      are   great opportunities in the field of hydrogen. Production, storage and transport
         of hydrogen     creates   jobs.    The Northern Netherlands will also benefit from the fact that this will enhance
         their international top      position      as  European Hydrogen Valley. There           is  a  unique  concentration of
         knowledge      and  companies        in the field of    hydrogen.    Think of the    University of Groningen, the        Hanse
         Polytechnic, EnTranCe, Energy Academy Europe, Gasunie,                        NAM and    a   large  chemical cluster with its      own
         hydrogen    demand.
         Q12.
                 How many jobs will be created with this project will
         A12. Scientific research shows that thousands of
                                                                                  andbewhen?
                                                                                           created   in the
                                                                           jobs                              long term. For your
         information: CE Delft has carried out               a thorough   research:     https://www.ce.nl/publicaties/2202/werk-
         door-groene-waterstof
         Q13. Where will the hydrogen plant be located? And the wind farms?
         A13. The exact locations         are   not  yet known, but the Eemshaven has the space                 to accommodate such          a
         factory.  The northern part of the North Sea has                enormous       potential for   large-scale  winds at   sea.  It is
         up to the government to          quickly    allocate    new areas    for  this park.
         Q14. What is the role of other provinces in the North in this project?                       (why/not    be  involved)
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         A114. Now, the two other northern           provinces   are  not yet involved. They have been informed about this
         project and    we  welcome them to become            a supporting partner, just like the province of Groningen.            We
         welcome them       as a  partner   to  help  make this project    a great  success.
         Q15. Where will the hydrogen go? Who               are  the customers?
         A15.   Initially, the hydrogen will mainly be used by the large industry clusters in the Netherlands and in
         Germany; there is high demand for hydrogen as a raw material. Think of refineries, fertilizer plants, but
         also the steel industry can apply hydrogen. Furthermore hydrogen could also be used for heating by the
         industry. Demand may also arise from the mobility sector; Hydrogen offers interesting possibilities,
         especially for heavy transport. We see that hydrogen is mainly applied in these sectors to replace the
         use of fossil fuels and partly to replace the current use of grey hydrogen that is still produced based on
         fossil fuels.
         Q16. Why      was   North-Western Europe chosen?
         Al6. We chose       Groningen because of the strategic location... There           is a  lot of wind   potential  in the North
         Sea. In  Groningen, the hydrogen         can   be stored and there is    a gas  transport network that        can  be
         converted with      relatively  little investment to transport      hydrogen    to  areas   with  hydrogen    demand
         throughout North-Western Europe.
         By converting large     amounts of      electricity from offshore wind      into green     hydrogen and transporting        it to
         markets where the       biggest decarbonizing gains        can  be realized,  large   additional investments for
         electricity transport from the northern Netherlands to the Randstad can be avoided.
         In addition, Groningen has the         necessary space and the       province   is a  hub of   electricity grids and inhabits
         many    knowledge     institutes and    companies that have       extensive  knowledge about gas and hydrogen.
         And, finally,   an enthusiastic    provincial government.
         Numerous initiatives have been launched in             Groningen and     are  already planning       to generate and    use
         green   hydrogen     on a smaller and medium scale         (up  to 20  MW).   These projects       are the result of the
         previous announced Investment            Agenda    North of the Netherlands;       examples      include:
         -
           HyStock (1    MW ZOn PV conversion          Hydrogen pilot installation
         -
           DJEWELS     (20  MW demo conversion          installation)
         -
           H2 Test Centre at Entrance         (Hydrohub),
         -
           Vehicles   on  H2:  Qbuzz, Holthausen, municipality of Groningen and others.
         -
           HyNetherlands (100       MW demo conversion          installation)
         -
           HEAVENN,
         Q17. What will happen to the gas pipelines in Groningen?
         Al7. The gas     pipelines   in Groningen     are suitable to be converted to transport for           hydrogen   in the  longer
         term. Just to be sure, the current network will           largely  be in use for years to transport       (steadily
         decreasing    volumes    of)  natural gas. Some of it     can  be unlocked,    partly   because of the     dismantling   of
         export   contracts from the Netherlands.          Along  the backbone of the NL gas transport            network,   several gas
         pipelines   have been installed in      parallel  at certain  places: pipes  can   already    be unlocked in the     coming
         years to   use  hydrogen transport       over   long distances.
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         Q18. Why      are  you    already announcing this           ambition    now    while  Feasability Study       Phase 2 has    only just
         started?
         A18.   Setting   up a  large-scale    green     hydrogen      chain is a  huge task,    which will take     a  lot of time and effort
         from companies, but also governments. It is                 good   if people    know that   big steps    are   being taken, why
         they   are  taken, but also that      it will take    some    time for such     projects  to be realised. We also want to take
         the opportunity to present          an   outstretched hand to other            companies/organizations/governmental
         bodies that would like to join.
         At the   presentation of the Dutch Climate Agreement                   it was   announced that we want to have achieved 3
         to 4 GW of green       hydrogen      in 2030 in the Netherlands. This            requires billions of investments; scaling         up
         of  technology and       a  market that has yet to        develop.    In order to be able to do       this,  we   will have to start
         now    and start and      phase   a project    as  previously described (1        GW in 2027     +  2-3 towards      2030).
         Q19.
                Is the consortium goingproject,
         A19. In order to achieve this
                                                to applygovernment
                                                              for subsidies fromindispensable.
                                                                            aid is
                                                                                       the government? If so,allocating
                                                                                                      It is about
                                                                                                                      why?        new  wind
         areas   at sea, the   right regulatory framework and              investment in     (parts of)   the  new   value chain.
         It is our  belief that green      hydrogen will ultimately be economically viable.                At this moment,       hardly  any
         green   hydrogen     is  produced     all  over  the world. As     a  result, the   costs in the chain will be       higher in the
         first phase than     in the later    phases. The idea behind          our   project  is that by working       on a  large scale,
         suppliers    can  make the necessary investments to reduce costs in such                    a  way that green        hydrogen will
         become     economically       viable. It is   likely that  subsidies will be needed at        first, but will be temporary.
         Q20.
                 How does this project link into the NL Climate Accord, the Paris climate agreement and the
         A20. This    project   is  an important step        in realizing  the ambitions of the Climate Accord to have 3-4 GW of
         installed   capacity   of   electrolysers by      2030. In    addition, the    use of green    hydrogen     is essential to achieve
         the Climate Accord targets for sectors such                as  industry   and   heavy   road transport, which        are difficult to
         become      more   sustainable. The European Green Deal also                  sees an  important role for        hydrogen   in making
         the European economy            more    sustainable and the European Commission wants to reduce                        more  CO2   (-
         55%)   with the Green deal than the Dutch Climate accord                     (-49%).  This requires both offshore wind and
         hydrogen. The Climate Accord and the European                     initiative   are both necessary to meet the Paris climate
         targets.
         Q21. Will any     more      partners be added         to this  project? If    so, who?
         A21.. A    project of this     size can   only be established with         a  broad group of partners. To this end,          we wee
         looking   for parties    throughout       the value chain: wind,       electrolysis,   storage and transport and customers.
         With the entry of E & R,         we  have laid     a powerful foundation for the project. However, this does                  not
         exclude the entry of        new   partners!
         Q22. How does this project relate to the Investment Plan Northern Netherlands?
         A22. The Northern Netherlands               Hydrogen     Investment      Agenda    was   published    over a    year ago. This
         already announced the ambition               to realise   a  green   hydrogen     economy     starting  in the Northern
         Netherlands. This project fits in          perfectly    with this and contributes to the actual realisation of these
         ambitions     together with the partners of the             Investment     Agenda.    in the most recent version of the          plan
         (November 2020),         this ambition has become            even   stronger
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         Q23
               Why is TenneT not
         A23. The   core    of the
                                         taking part in this?
                                      project  concerns      the realisation of   a  large  amount of offshore        wind, electolysis
         capacity and the transport and storage of green hydrogen.                     TenneT does not        directly play  a role in this:
         nevertheless,     TenneT does       play   a  role in the transmission of      electricity    at  sea and in  jointly achieving   an
         optimal   balance in      our  future energy system: the           project will therefore also have        to be  properly
         coordinated with TenneT.
         Q24.
         A24,
                Could this project get off the ground if government subsidies were
               Strong government policy will be needed                   to further increase the
                                                                                                           not forthcoming?
                                                                                                      sustainability   of energy demand:
         this will make further        growth    of  large-scale projects possible.       In the first    step towards the realisation of
         large-scale hydrogen,         we  will have to go       through    an innovation and     upscaling phase, and the        costs will
         be  higher than     in  subsequent steps.         In the   major roll-out, the ‘learning money’ of the first steps will be
         used. These extra costs in the first step will require government support. Furthermore, anticipatory
         investments will have to be made in transport and storage. This is to enable further                          development of the
         market and to be able to operate             on an     efficient scale at  a later stage    ...
         Q25.
                What is the business interest
         A25. Gasunie wants to make             an
                                                          of Gasunie and (in particular) Shell?
                                                    important       contribution to the energy transition and the CO2 reduction
         targets of society. With        our  knowledge        and skills, but  especially with the existing       gas   infrastructure,  we
         can  make   an   important contribution           to this.
          Shell wants to make         an important contribution           to the energy transition and the CO2 reduction            targets
         of society. With     our    knowledge and skills         in the field of wind and     hydrogen,     we can    make   an important
         contribution to this. This project fits well with              our  New  Energy aspirations and         our  ambitions to find   new
         ways to reduce CO2 emissions and                provide     more   and cleaner energy, at home,          on the road and at work.
         Q26. How does NortH2 relate to projects such                     as HEAVENN     or  NSWPH?
         A26. The Heavenn          Project received       a  grant from the European Commission last year                to become the first
         hydrogen region        in  Europe. This project should enable the start of             a  first real  hydrogen chain and will
         make the first connections between all the necessary links. The North2 project is about                            upscaling
         towards the northern and national ambitions with                    a view to the   major roll-out after       2030 towards 2040.
         Gasunie is   a  partner in the Nort Sea Wind Hub consortium together with TenneT and the energy grid.
         This consortium is investigating how               large quantities of offshore wind         can   be efficiently brought ashore
         in the future. For      example, by efficiently clustering           wind farms    or producing hydrogen offshore and then
         bringing  it ashore. NSWPH          can  thus    play an important      role in  realising   North2's ambitions in the future.
         A27. We have started the           feasibility study early       2020 and    completed      it at the end of this year. This will
         be  immediately      followed     by  more     detailed studies before the shovel          can   go into the   ground.  All sorts of
         things  have to fall into      place.  For   example,      the  designation   of areas   for the necessary wind farms at sea;
         regulations    on  the transport and storage of             hydrogen    must be in    place;    the necessary    permits  must be
         issued and there must also be sufficient demand for green                    hydrogen.      We    are optimistic   that we  will be
         able to do that.
         Q29. What form of hydrogen storage is being considered?
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         A29. For this purpose,     storage in salt domes (caverns) is being considered,               as is currently   the  case  with
         natural gas, in   Zuidwending.
         Q30. Are investments also being made in fuel cells                or  only in electrolysers?
         A30. This   project involves making hydrogen from electricity.              We   are  using electrolysers for this      purpose.
         Fuel cells do the   opposite, they make electricity from hydrogen and                are  not  part of this project.
         Q31. Will this be another project by the polluting fossil industry that slurps the entire subsidy pot,
         saves no   CO2 at all and   ultimately makes the taxpayer              pay for it?
         A31. No. On the contrary, this       project    is building    new   sustainable value chains. And that is necessary to
         make the economy        more  sustainable and to achieve the climate targets.
         Q32. How much GW is 800,000 tonnes? Is that 10 GW from the offshore wind farm?
         A32. 0.8 million tonnes of      hydrogen     is the   expected     amount of   hydrogen that      can  be  generated by      a 10
         gigawatt wind farm from which all          electricity   will be used to    produce hydrogen.
         A33. PBL   published    an update of    its calculations      on  17  February and has already nuanced          its previous
         findings. But in this   project we foresee producing            green   hydrogen from renewable electricity built
         specifically  for that purpose,    so there is     no  question    of using electricity that releases     CO2   during   its
         production,    which is the  unique and      necessary      thing  about this  project. If, for example, this       green
         hydrogen replaces grey hydrogen          in  industry     or is soon   used in a  hydrogen truck, there will definitely be
         CO2  savings.
         A34. An increase of scale in      electrolysis technology coupled          with  even    larger-scale   renewable     electricity
         production    is needed to reduce the cost of green             hydrogen.   That is exactly   what this   project   aims to
         bring together throughout        an entire value chain. We          keep saying it;  it needs to be    bigger,  greener and
         faster.
         Q35. Some mega wind farms, how big                are we    looking   at?
         A35. We   are   talking about hundreds of wind turbines in the North Sea, far out of                  sight.
          Q36. Do |   see  the wind turbines from         Schiermonnikoog?
         A36.  Absolutely    not. The wind farms       are on    the North Sea, far out of      sight. As is the  case  with the
         existing wind farm.
         Q37. The Wadden Sea is        a  UNESCO world         heritage site,     how does this    project   deal with this?
         A37. The wind farms will be located in           areas   designated by the     national government,        as a  result of the
         recently  concluded North Sea agreement.
         Q38. What     are  the criteria for  continuing this project?
         A38. We will continue anyway         as  partners. The only question is what role the government will take                   on
         and how    quickly,  the accession of     new    partners and subsidies from national and European government.
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         Q39. What role, if any, can Germany play in these plans?
         A39. We   expect that German industrial customers will sign up for the purchase   of green hydrogen. It is
         also possible that German offshore wind farms will supply their green  electricity to the hydrogen plant.
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         Q&A’s    —
                    About WATERSTOF                 https://www.dewereldvanwaterstof.nl/
         Ql. What is hydrogen?
         Al.  Hydrogen     is an  extremely light and harmless gas, fourteen                    times   lighter than air, and           can   be
         converted into      electricity.     It can   also be used       as  energy to heat     our  homes,      it serves as a raw          material for
         the chemical     industry    and all forms of transport, and it has                a promising future         as a     clean fuel. An
         important advantage of hydrogen                 gas is that it     can  be stored    so  that it   can  be used later.
          Hydrogen     occurs on    earth in connections. In order to                produce hydrogen,          you need to         split those
         molecules. A     commonly used method                 is  electrolysis:   a  process in which you put water                (H20)     under
         current and thus convert water into oxygen                     (0)  and   hydrogen gas (H2).         There     are   different types of
         hydrogen: 'green' hydrogen (from electrolysis with sustainable electricity from wind,                                     sun or   water),
         'grey’ hydrogen (from        fossil     fuel); the latter releases CO2. And then there is                 a  'blue' variant. This         means
         that the CO2 released goes into permanent storage, for                         example    in empty gas fields            at sea,  making      the
         hydrogen     thus obtained climate neutral. The residual                    product   from combustion is therefore clean in all
         cases.
          Q2. What     are  the  properties of hydrogen?
         A2. As   a gas  (H2) hydrogen          is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-radioactive,                   non-toxic and has           a high
         calorific value.   Hydrogen        is  an  extremely light gas,        fourteen times      lighter than       air.
         Q3. How do you make hydrogen?
         A3.  Hydrogen     occurs on      earth in connections. In order to               produce hydrogen, you              need to     split those
         molecules. The first method is              electrolysis:    a  process in which you        put   water     (H20)      under current and
         thus convert water into oxygen               (O)  and    hydrogen      gas  (H2). Hydrogen       can   also be made via
         thermochemical processes, for                example      the conversion of fossil       fuels,   in which      hydrocarbons          are  split
         into carbon    (C)  and  hydrogen. Finally, hydrogen                 can  be obtained     through      biochemical conversion of
         biomass    and, for example, algae.
         Q4. How does hydrogen become energy?
         A4.  Hydrogen     is not  a source        of energy, but       an  energy carrier. In order to         run an     electric motor         (e.g. in a
         car), a fuel cell is needed that converts               hydrogen      into  electricity.  In this process        hydrogen       and oxygen
         are  converted into ions:        charged particles. This            reaction   generates electricity        to drive      an  electrical
         installation   or engine. The residual           product      is water vapour. Another          possibility      is  a  hydrogen-powered
         internal combustion engine.
         Q5. What     can  hydrogen       be used for?
         A5.  Today, hydrogen        is widely      used   as a raw      material in the chemical        industry      -
                                                                                                                         for ammonia and certain
         plastics,  for example     -
                                       and in refineries.         Hydrogen      is also  a (potential)    fuel for all forms of transport:              by
         road, water, air and rail.       In   general,    it is  ideally suited for electrical applications that                cannot cope with
         batteries. In   industry,    it is  an    interesting option for        processes that      require high temperatures.                 In the
         future, households       may be able to          use   it for  heat,   via networks at     neighbourhood level.
         Q6. Is hydrogen       a clean fuel?
         A6. When it     comes    to  use    in   a fuel cell to make        electricity, hydrogen      is  completely clean           in all  cases.
         There   are no   emissions, except from clean                water vapour. When it         comes      to how clean the           production of
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         hydrogen is, that depends            on    the    origin of that hydrogen.            Hence the distinction between             ‘green’
         hydrogen (from electrolysis            with sustainable            electricity from wind,         sun or  water)     and  'grey' hydrogen
         (from    fossil  fuel);  the latter releases CO2. Then there is another 'blue’ variant. In this case, the CO2
         released goes into permanent storage, for                       example     in  empty gas fields       at sea,   making    the   hydrogen    thus
         obtained climate neutral. The residual                    product from       combustion is therefore clean in all             cases.
         Q7. How do you store hydrogen and how do you transport it?
         A7. The     beauty of hydrogen          is that you        can   store it. In   large quantities      and for    a longer period      of time.
         This is still difficult with wind and solar power.                   Hydrogen       is already    stored in    tanks,  as  compressed       gas or -
         heavily cooled       and insulated       -
                                                     as a    liquid.   It is also stored     underground        as compressed       gas, for   example
         in salt   caverns.
         As with    storage, hydrogen is transported in compressed                          or  liquid form,    in tanks.    Pipeline   networks for
         hydrogen already          exist in  industry. Hydrogen              can   then also be     transported     to homes and businesses via
         the   existing natural      gas network. A number of tests                  are   already running for        this purpose.
         Q8. What does hydrogen cost?
         A8. There     are   many factors that determine the costs and therefore the                            price of hydrogen.        For  example,
         the costs of      production, the price of electricity (green, grey                    or  blue)   and natural gas, investments in
         facilities, storage and distribution. Climate policy also plays                        a  role.  Ultimately, hydrogen         will have to
         compete with other energy              sources        and carriers. This requires           large-scale production. This          is expected   to
         take at least until 2030.         According        to   PBL, producing       grey    hydrogen      now   costs about 1.50 per         Kg/H2.
         According to PBL, the production of green hydrogen                           costs about 5 to 6        euros.   These costs      can  be
         reduced     by   50-60%      by scaling    up    electrolysers       and offshore wind.
         At the    pump’,    a  kilo of  hydrogen for          a  passenger       car now    costs about ten       euros.   The price per kilometre
         for  a  passenger      car  is therefore around ten cents, almost                   equal    to the average fuel cost of         a car  running
         on   petrol   or  diesel. It is  expected that the price               at the pump will       drop considerably        as a  result of
         economies of scale.
         Q9. Is hydrogen dangerous?
         A9.   Hydrogen      is flammable, but only after               it has been mixed in the           right proportion with        oxygen and if    a
         flame is added. Moreover,            hydrogen          is  a volatile gas; it rises      by twenty     metres per second. Take          a car
         with   a  hydrogen tank. If there           is a   hole in the tank, the         hydrogen      is already high     in the air before it has
         been mixed with oxygen             so  that it     can    burn. If   a  flame is added, the        hydrogen     will "blow out’ the flame,
         as  it were, due to the        high  pressure. All this does not detract from the fact                     that, just    as  with   petrol,
         diesel and natural gas, there            are    all kinds of      regulations     for processing, storing and transporting
         hydrogen      in order to guarantee            safety.
         Q22: Isn't it inefficient to convert expensive green electricity into hydrogen? Isn't much energy lost?
         A22:    Energy    is lost when     converting electricity            to   hydrogen. That's inherent to converting               energy. For
         example,     40% of the energy is also lost in the                  production      of  electricity   using natural gas. In the
         conversion of       electricity   into   hydrogen, about 30% of the                  energy is lost. That is      why   we   must first of all
         use   hydrogen      for those sectors where CO2 emissions                      can   only  be reduced      by using hydrogen.         The
         chemical     industry     is such  a  sector where the             hydrogen      molecule is needed for the chemical processes,
         not for energy.       Electrolysis    is the     only    way to     produce     this molecule in      a green way, in       large quantities.
         In addition, hydrogen          is needed to store energy if the                sun   does not shine       or  the wind does not blow.
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         TenneT and Gasunie have conducted extensive studies that show that in the most optimal energy
         system for the Netherlands in 2050 1/3rd of all energy is hydrogen.
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