<b>Bijsluiter</b>. De hyperlink naar het originele document werkt niet meer. Daarom laat Woogle de tekst zien die in dat document stond. Deze tekst kan vreemde foutieve woorden of zinnen bevatten en de opmaak kan verdwenen of veranderd zijn. Dit komt door het zwartlakken van vertrouwelijke informatie of doordat de tekst niet digitaal beschikbaar was en dus ingescand en vervolgens via OCR weer ingelezen is. Voor het originele document, neem contact op met de Woo-contactpersoon van het bestuursorgaan.<br><br>====================================================================== Pagina 1 ======================================================================

<pre>13990841
                          NortH-
             Kickstarting the      green hydrogen
               economy in Northwest       Europe
                            January 2021
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<pre>13990841
         Management summary (EN)
         The   momentum      for hydrogen    is unprecedented: countries across the globe have developed hydrogen
         strategies. They have set targets, committed funding for innovation & scale-up and started the development
         of the necessary infrastructure. We need to accelerate further. By 2050, Europe aims to become the world’s
         first climate-neutral continent. Hydrogen plays a pivotal role mn getting there. If we move now, we can make
         it.
         For the Netherlands, which has been        an energy hub for Northwest Europe for decades. The acceleration and
         scale-up  of hydrogen    provides   an  economic and strategic opportunity to maintain its position in the energy
         market, and in key industrial segments. Hydrogen will         create jobs, contribute to the Netherlands’ future
         prosperity   and 1s a
                               key lever in  realizing  the Dutch Climate Accord ambitions for 2030 and towards 2050,
         especially in decarbonizing the hard-to-abate sectors. Opportunities that will only be unlocked if ambitious
         goals are set and the current momentum 1s seized to implement concrete actions. The Netherlands, and
         specifically the Northern part, has all the ingredients for success. Ranging from 1t’s unique location, space
         availability, mfrastructure and storage, ecosystem and off-take potential. However, there 1s no time to waste.
         Scaling up green hydrogen comes with its challenges as new value chains need to be developed. The
         technology needs to be de-risked, the supply chain needs to be scaled up, a market needs to be established
         and perhaps most urgently a significant scale-up of renewable power generation 1s needed. As these
         challenges are met, new questions will undoubtedly emerge. The NortH2 consortium partners have dedicated
         themselves to finding answers. Based on the research done in the last 1,5 vears, as well as the commitment to
         further develop the project the coming years, the partners feel confident in the added value of the integrated
         and programmatic approach that 1s advocated in this paper. NortH2 can provide the platform for change, for
         growth towards a green hydrogen economy in 2050. But governmental commitment to these goals, targets
         and ambitions is needed.
         The NortH2 consortium has researched and             seen the opportunity to  unlock the potential of green hydrogen
         before 2030, with an integrated value chain approach on the basis of offshore wind fully dedicated for
         hydrogen production. Integrated projects such as NortH2 are critical in achieving decarbonization via large-
         scale renewable hydrogen production in time to meet national and Furopean climate ambitions. NortH2
         provides enough volume to set up sizeable infrastructure (thereby breaking the chicken and egg problem). It
         will accelerate the anticipated crucial reduction in the green hydrogen cost curve, and increases the availability
         and competitiveness of low carbon hydrogen that will lead to an uptake in demand. And it will do so at the
         lowest cost to society. This 1s what a big program like NortH2 can put in place.
         Below you can find the most fundamental strategic decisions, four of which have been highlighted,
         that we believe are needed in 2021. They will be further explained in the paper (Chapter 4).
         UPSCALING & COST REDUCTION                   |
              e    Government declares the intent           to develop the hydrogen economy in the Netherlands in
                   accordance with the NortH;           large-scale programmatic approach and strategic umbrella
                   interlinking technology        and   supply chain development along the green hydrogen value chain
                   to enable a cost-reduction and scale-up of green hydrogen at the lowest cost to society.
              e
                   Today, there 1s a cost gap between grey (IEEE) and green (JIRERSEN) hydrogen of ca. BE
                   Fur/kg. The integrated and large-scale NortH: offering can bring down the cost gap between grey
                   and green hydrogen by almost JES
         MARKET DEVELOPMENT                |
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<pre>13990841
             e   A decision    to  develop  the  required policy framework (at national      and EU    level) is needed   to
                 incentivize demand for green        hydrogen in hard-to-abate sectors.
             e
                 Although CO; prices are expected to rise, this will not be sufficient nor timely to overcome rest of
                 the gap. During scale-up,
                                              | (10)(1c) [od the cost gap needs to be bridged through market making
                 mechanisms such as (Carbon) Contracts for Difference and/or sectorial market mandates (similar to
                 REDII, but for industry).
         OFFSHORE      WIND    |
             eo  Additional dedicated offshore wind lots for green          hydrogen   on  top of the existing offshore
                 wind roadmap 2030 should be assigned in 2021.
             e   To reach 55% COZ reduction        by 2030,  acceleration of offshore wind  development beyond     the 11
                 GW    already planned 1s necessary and a no regret measure. As there 1s a maximum to the amount of
                 intermittent renewable power that can be integrated into the power system, conversion to hydrogen
                 1s pivotal to reach the necessary carbon reductions. And most urgently green hydrogen is needed for
                 decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors.
             e   The Dutch green     hydrogen ambition     of 4 GW   by 2030 should be paired with at least the same
                 amount of additional offshore wind for NortHZ2 and specifically earmarked for green H2 production.
                 The allocated wind lots should be planned nearby strategic onshore electrolyser (Nort         2) locations
                 to enable a direct power connection to the electrolysers.
             e   The combination of offshore wind production dedicated to the production of hydrogen and the scale
                 of the NortH2 project enable lower societal costs compared to a segmented approach. In the award
                 process, it 1s crucial to investigate in which way the scale and integrated approach for wind and
                 hydrogen can be enabled.
         INFRASTRUCTURE          |
             e   A mandate for Gasunie and TenneT             to support and accommodate the        development of the
                 required hydrogen transportation          and power infrastructure and also     securing a level playing
                 field.
             e   Since  existing pipelines are used for realizing a national hydrogen mfrastructure, the capacity of this
                 hydrogen grid (~10 GW) will initially be larger than the transport capacity needed by 2030. The costs
                 associated with the excess capacity should not be transferred to the first launching green hydrogen
                 customers. Gasunie 1s prepared to finance the largest part of the investment and take the assoctated
                 risk. However, a financial mechanism needs to be put m place to mitigate part of the commercial
                 risks of using existing pipelines and building mfrastructure sized fit-for-the-future.
             ¢   To develop the required national hydrogen transport infrastructure Gasunie needs clarity in 2021 that
                 the national backbone will be built connecting with all industrial clusters and storage. This needs to
                 be accompanied by a mandate for Gasunie to develop (in several stages) the backbone.
             e   To support green hydrogen, it 1s important to create a level playing field between green molecules
                 and green electrons through socializing the cost of the power mfrastructure, having the ability to
                 reduce the cost of green hydrogen production with another ~1 Fur/kg hydrogen. This would also
                 encourage the grid balancing function that the mtegrated ‘oftshore wind and electrolyser’ may
                 provide: (1) the direct connection between the offshore wind farm and the electrolyser (11) the partial
                 and bi-directional connection between the electrolyser and the national power grid.
         The envisioned scale of the NortH2      project 1s unprecedented. The consortium aims to realize 4GW in 2030,
         expanding to 10GW by 2040. A significant contribution to the European goal of 40GW in 2030. With this
         NortH2 ambitions we can surpass the Dutch ambitions together with other initiatives. We anticipate an
         offshore electrolysis pilot betore 2030, to be integrated in the project. This all asks for partners to think
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<pre>13990841
         beyond existing boundaries.     It requires action today. Systematic research and  engineering of all aspects of the
         value chain   are crucial for the next 1,5 years. Fal investment decision   1s, when all the requirements are met,
         foreseen in 2024. Other     supportive FIIs, like the backbone, need to be taken beforehand.
         This  policy paper provides an overview of the project development and related requirements known today.
         Some topics are further matured and detailed than others due to project needs or ongoing policy
         developments. To achieve the goals, the project NortH2 would benefit from public commutment towards
         green hydrogen to entice the entire ecosystem to transition away from fossil as soon as possible. The project
         needs sectorial market making mechanisms, offshore wind close to the Eemshave where we aim to build
         electrolysers, develop hydrogen storage, and where we can start the hydrogen backbone, and Gasunie and
         Tennet need to be tasked to accommodate the development of the infrastructure needed for green hydrogen.
         We   recognize  the need for mnovative alliances with    public and private partners in order to accelerate the
         journey and successful implementation of green hydrogen. In order to realize the hydrogen ambitions and
         realize this major step into the energy transition; we need to work together. Together we can tackle the
         challenges we face and develop the energy system of the future.
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<pre>13990841
         Samenvatting (NL)
         Het   momentum voor      waterstof 1s ongekend:   landen  over de hele wereld hebben  waterstofstrategieén en
         programma's ontwikkeld om doclen te stellen, financiering voor innovatie en        opschaling beschikbaar  te
         maken en zijn begonnen met het ontwikkelen van de benodigde infrastructuur. We moeten versnellen.
         Europa wil in 2050 het eerste klimaatneutrale continent ter wereld zn. Waterstof speelt hierm een cruciale
         rol. Als we nu beginnen, kunnen we de ambities realiseren.
         Nederland 1s al   decennialang een energiecknooppunt voor Noordwest-Europa. De versnelling en opschaling
         van  waterstof biedt  een economische en strategische kans om de positie van Nederland op de energiemarkt
         en
             belangrijke industrieén te behouden. Waterstof zorgt voor banen, zal bydragen aan de toekomstige
         welvaart van Nederland en speelt een sleutelrol bij het realiseren van de ambities van het Nederlandse
         Klimaatakkoord in 2030 en 2050. Vooral bij het koolstotarm maken van de sectoren die niet, of niet
         kostenefticiént, zijn te elektrificeren zoals grote delen van de industrie. Deze kansen kunnen alleen
         gerealiseerd worden als er ambitieuze doelen worden gesteld en het huidige momentum wordt aangegrepen
         om concreet actie te ondernemen. Nederland, en specifiek Noord-Nederland, heeft alle ingrediénten voor
         succes. Varierend van de unieke locatie, ruimte voor elektrolyzers, nfrastructuur en opslagmogelijkheden, een
         ecosysteem en vraag naar waterstot. Maar, dan moeten we wel ## beginnen.
         Het   opschalen van grootschalige groene waterstofprojecten gaat gepaard met uitdagmgen, want er moet een
         geheel nieuwe waardeketen worden opgezet. Techniek moet worden doorontwikkeld, de supply chain moet
         worden opgeschaald, er moet een markt worden ontwikkeld en misschien de belangrijkste: er 1s aanzienlijk
         meer hernteuwbare
                               energiecopwekking nodig. Terwijl deze uitdagingen worden opgepakt zullen er gaandeweg
         vanzelfsprekend    nieuwe  vragen ontstaan. De NortH2 consortium partners hebben zich gecommiteerd aan
         het vinden van de antwoorden. Gebaseerd op het onderzoek dat de laatste 1,5 jaar 1s gedaan en het
         commutment dat er 1s om het project verder te ontwikkelen hebben de partners er vertrouwen mn dat de
         aanpak die voorgestaan wordt, toegevoegde waarde heeft. NortH2 biedt het platform voor verandering, voor
         groet naar een groene waterstofeconomie 1n 2050. Commitment van de overheid aan deze doelen en ambities
         1s hierbyj een randvoorwaarde.
         Het NortH2 consortium ztet kans       om  het  potentieel van een groene waterstof keten voor 2030 te verzilveren
         door   een grootschalige, geintegreerde aanpak gebaseerd op wind op zee specifiek voor waterstofproductie.
         Geintegreerde projecten zoals NortI2 zijn van cructaal belang voor het tijdig beretken van de nationale en
         Europese CO2-reductiedoelen via de productie van groene waterstof. NortH2 biedt het volume om de
         benodigde nationale infrastructuur te realiseren. Het zal bijdragen aan het versneld dalen van de kosten en de
         bijdragen aan de beschikbaarheid van CO2 vrije waterstof en deze concurrerend maken. Dit zal leiden tot een
         toename van de vraag. Dit alles zal zodanig worden opgezet dat het de laagste maatschappelyke kosten met
         zich meebrengt. Dat 1s wat de grootschaligheid van NortH?2 kan toevoegen.
         Hieronder     zijn de meest fundamentele en strategische benodigde beslissingen weergegeven. De                vier
         belangrijkste zijn in kleur weergegeven. De achtergronden hiervan zijn te vinden in hoofdstuk 4.
         OPSCHALEN & KOSTENREDUCTIE                  |
              e    De overhetd   spreekt steun en vertrouwen uit in de manier waarop North      2, door middel van een
                   grootschalige programmatische aanpak       met  strategische verbindingen tussen
                                                                                                    technologie en de hele
                   groene  waterstof  waardeketen,  tot  kostenreductie  en
                                                                            opschaling van
                                                                                           groene  waterstot wil komen,
                   tegen de laagste maatschappelijke kosten.
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<pre>13990841
               Vandaag de dag is        er een   kostenverschil   tussen  grijze (~1 Eur/kg) en groene (~5 Fur/kg) waterstof
               van  ongeveer 4       EUR /kg. De geintegreerde        en grootschalige aanpak van NortH2 kan dit verschil
               tussen  grijs en
                                    groen   terugbrengen    tot
         MARKT ONTWIKKELING               |
               Fen besluit    om     het vereiste beleidskader     (op nationaal  en
                                                                                     Buropees niveau)    te ontwikkelen 1s
               noodzakelijk     om    verdere     stimulering van   de vraag naar groene waterstof in   moeilijk te
               decarboniseten        sectoren te aan te    jagen
               Naar verwachting zullen CO: prijzen styygen, dit zal echter niet genoeg of tydig zijn om het
               overgebleven kostenverschil te overbruggen. Gedurende de opschaling moet IOS                           van het
               kostenverschil worden overbrugd door zogenoemde markt ontwikkelingsmechanismes zoals een
               (Carbon) Contract for Difference en/of sectoriale marktmandaten (vergelijkbaar met REDIL, maar
               dan  voor   de  industri).
         WIND OP ZEE    |
               Additionele wind op zee, toegewezen              aan
                                                                    groene   waterstof, boven op de huidige routekaart 2030 1s
               noodzakelifk in 2021.
               Om 55% CO2 reductie              voor 2030 te beretken 15 een versnelling en opschaling van wind op zee,
               bovenop     de al    geplande 11 GW noodzakelyjk en een no-regret maatregel. Hernieuwbare energie kan
               alleen deels toegevoegd worden aan het huidige energiesysteem. Waterstof is cructaal om de
               benodigde CO2-reductie te realiseren. Dat geldt zeker voor moeilijk te decarboniseren sectoren.
               De Nederlandse groene waterstofambitie van 4GW mn 2030 moet worden gekoppeld aan ten minste
               dezelfde hoeveelheid extra wind op zee voor NortH2. Specifiek bestemd voor de productie van
               groene waterstof. De toegewezen windkavels moeten worden gepland in de buurt van strategische
               onshore electrolyzer locaties (Nortl12) om een directe verbinding te kunnen maken.
               Het gecombimeerd mogelyjk maken van offshore wind specifiek voor productie van groene waterstot
               en de schaal van NortHZ maken dat de maatschappelijke kosten lager zullen zijn dan bij een
               gesegmenteerde aanpak. In het gunningsproces 1s het cruciaal om te onderzoeken op welke manier
               de schaal en geintegreerde aanpak voor wind en waterstof vormgegeven kan worden.
         INFRASTRUCTUUR          |
               Fen mandaat         voor  Gasunie     en Tenne'l   om  de ontwikkelng van de benodigde waterstoftransport- en
               energie-infrastructuur         te ondersteunen    en aan te  passen en het waarborgen van een gelyk speelveld.
               Aangezien bestaande pijpleidingen worden gebruikt voor de verwezenlijking van een nationale
               waterstofmfrastructuur, zal de capacitert van dit waterstofnet (~10 GW) mn eerste mstantie groter zijn
               dan de benodigde transportcapaciteit benodigd in 2030. De kosten door overcapaciteit zouden niet
               moeten    worden doorberekend            aan de eerste klanten van
                                                                                    groene waterstof. Gasunie 1s bereid het
               grootste   deel  van de
                                            mnvestering  te financieren  en het
                                                                                 byjbehorende risico te nemen. Er moet echter
               een financieel mechanisme worden ontwikkeld om een deel van de commerciéle risico's van het
               gebruik van     bestaande      pijpleidingen en het bouwen van infrastructuur ter grootte van de toekomstige
               behoeften    te  mitigeren.
               Voor het ontwikkelen van de benodigde nationale waterstof transport mnfrastructuur heeft Gasunie in
               2021 de uitspraak nodig dat de nationale backbone wordt gebouwd om een verbinding te maken
               tussen alle industri€le clusters en opslagmogelijkheden. Dit moet gepaard gaan met een mandaat voor
               Gasunie om (mn verschillende fasen) de backbone te ontwikkelen.
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              e    Om groene waterstof te ondersteunen, 1s het belangryk        om een
                                                                                         gelijk speelveld  te creéren tussen
                   groene moleculen en groene elektronen door de kosten         van de electricitertsinfrastructuur   te
                   soctaliseren,   waardoor de kosten     van
                                                              groene waterstofproductie verlagen   met  nog   eens
                                                                                                                    ~
                                                                                                                       1 Fur/kg
                   waterstof. Dit zou ook de netbalanceringsfunctie ondersteunen die de geintegreerde wind op zee en
                   waterstof-aanpak kan bieden. Het gaat om 1) de directe verbindmg tussen het wind op zee park en de
                   elektrolyzer en (it) de gedeeltelyke en wederzijdse verbindmg tussen de elektrolyzer en het nationale
                   elektriciteitsnet.
         De schaal    van NortH2 1s     ongekend. Het consortium wil 4GW realiseren in 2030 en uitbreiden naar 10GW in
         2040. Dit 1s   een
                            significatie byjdrage aan de Europese doelen om 40GW mn 2030 te realiseren. Deze NortH2
         ambitie zorgt ervoor dat we de Nederlandse ambitie kunnen overtreffen samen met andere mntiatieven. Ook
         beoogt het project een pilot op zee voor elektrolyze voor 2030. De omvang maakt dat partners buiten
         bestaande paden moeten treden. Lr 1s vandaag actie nodig. Alle aspecten van de waardeketen worden de
         komende 1,5     jaar systematisch onderzocht en geengineerd. De planning 1s om in 2024 een
         investermgsbeslissing te nemen. Hiervoor moeten andere ondersteunde investermngsbeslissen wel genomen
         zijn, zoals bijvoorbeeld over de backbone. Dit alles 1s natuurlijk mede athankelijk van de kennis die
         ontwikkeld wordt de komende jaren en de mate waarin de NortH2 aanpak wordt ondersteund en
         randvoorwaarden worden          gerealiseerd.
         Dit document biedt       een  overzicht  van  de projectontwikkeling en de randvoorwaarden die nodig zijn zoals die
         nu  bekend    zyn. Bij sommige onderwerpen 1s dit verder ontwikkeld en gedetailleerder dan andere. Dit
         weerspiegeld de kennis die er nu 1s en de ideeén die tot zover zn bedacht. Om de doelen van NortH?2 te
         kunnen realiseren is het van belang dat er commitment 1s van de overheid voor de transitie naar een groen
         ecosysteem door middel van groene waterstof. Er zijn mstrumenten nodig om de markt te ontwikkelen, wind
         op zee dichtbij de Eemshaven en elektrolyzers en waterstofinfrastructuur en Gasunie en Tennet zullen
         gevraagd moeten worden de ontwikkeling van de infrastructuur voor groene waterstof te ondersteunen en te
         faciliteren.
         Wij zijn ervan overtuied      dat er mnovatieve    samenwerkingen nodig zijn  tussen   publieke  en  private partijen om
         de res die   we  maken    te versnellen  en de
                                                         groene waterstofketen succesvol op te zetten. Om de
         waterstofambities     te realiseren  en deze grote stap in de energetransitie te kunnen maken moeten we
         samenwerken. Samen kunnen           we  de uitdaging aan en het energiesysteem van de toekomst ontwikkelen.
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<pre>13990841
         Contents
         MANAGEMENT SUMMARY                      (EN) ..oovivuierirrecrseesssssssessssssssssssssesssssssssssssssssssmsssssssessossssessssssssssasees2
         SAMENVATTING            (INL)   rere
                                              eveeoeeeeesesessssesese esses      ssss sess se seseesssssssssssssesssseessesessssssssssessssssssessassssssssssseseseeseenn                     5
         1  INTRODUCTION              oii       iuunsnssnssssomioninminiss    sesamin isos
                                                                                                               Sonim     si   sis    nisin  ss  s iss         seis   naan     as  ass  spins  9
         2  THE CASE FOR SCALING LIP                     =
                                                           INOW wivivomsnrinsisin                suns siusisssissthssssirssas
                                                                                                                                       sass iiss sisinsss ass satessess sis insnsins 10
         3  PROJECT       OVERVIEW         ..ooveoeeooveeoumeessseses   semen         ssessessssssssssesssssssesesssssssesssssssssessssessssasasssssssesssmmassssese                        11
           3.1 ANDITICNS ANT DUS PRIME                 IDLER    omen    sms             mimesis           sare i  Ai                  Sh         Se        SA   SRA        SE     Res       11
           3.2 INITIA), FEASIBILITY STUDY RESULTS               [20200       coun  iasennsius        imma              vs     ats     sess     thea      sed      os   ne    ssn  desis     12
                    3.2.1 4 GW    Design chavacteiistios  NoaTI2 Phase Tem                    mmm      ms     mss                mi          i         a  a     css     a  se     ri  ahasi  12
                    3.2.2 Murlcot Potential Aral   sli.. ci            amma                    ms                pi    sedis   a   oso      eas              a   Leas           seed        13
                    3.2.3 Cost veduction ail   BOAIIG TP    ccm                    mii                     reise    ons     s   ms  eis  cs aaa       HSA      As    AAS     SH        450  13
                    Sad Jove
                                izud costal erm     hd vemmr     crr   nm          rr         EA
                                                                                                                                                                          RAT 14
                    3.2.3  Summary results of feasibility study   to  date     (December 0200.........c      comcast
                                                                                                                                                                              spss 15
           3.3 SCOPE BURTHER FEASIBILITY STUDY TOWARDS                               END        OR Z021....cvnsmmsimommmmmuminstssssismmsmrmniimoeisesis                                    15
         4  POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO                                              PROJECT                  DEVELOPMENT                               .............cceeueuee.       17
           4.1 NORTH STAGE GATE             AVPROACT         ovis              sisson       oss       sos
                                                                                                               eho  oss       sisson               Shai
                                                                                                                                                         saves  AS                          20
           4.2 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION                  commons                sims   mmmmsss              mss             as   ss   ses    ses   sss     piss     mss ss  sass      ons 23
                    4.2.1 Plwsically connected electiolyssn OUTSIomE WII                 coos                       mista                     a                     aR               ents   24
                    4.2.2  Grid connected electrolysers: Green hydrogen through A Re                                                   PA                                                   25
                    4.2.5 Hydrogen Cras       l GL BUOTHEE       mero   comm  immmarsi  sss    shorn inms teenies  ahs shes     sos    esas   ii   0  404A       RETR      OH   SER  REARS  26
           4.3. COST REDUCTION        AND SCALING UP GREEN HYDROGEN                                     ....ovimivimismimnsvinisminiessrsimiinsssims                                        27
           4.4 SUSTAINABILITY OF FINAL CONSUMPTION: CREATING                                         A GREEN HYDROGEN MARKET                                       .....ccocovvrvvrnenne    28
           4.5 SUPPORTING      AND FLANKING           POLICY;     SUPPORTIVE EU POLICIES......c.cccoonveeiiveannnan                                       SS AAR                            29
         B  WORKING WOGE             THER...     .iumutimmmummoniasn
                                                                                       msi wists sori sim sh isons sim sams esas sasvisio 31
         BE                                    ——————                                                                                                                                       32
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<pre>13990841
         1      Introduction
         The   Ministry   of Economic Affairs and Climate         (MEAC)   has requested the NortH2 consortium to provide      an
         overview of the project development activities and timeline and to highlight the anticipated policy needs
         arising over the course of the project development. This memo provides the requested information.
         The   project 1s  in the feasibility phase, which    is expected to be concluded mid 2021. That    means   there  are
         knowns, known unknowns and unknown unknowns. For example, the optimal set of policies to develop the
         hydrogen market 1s unknown, but the available policies are known and the consortium will work on
         quantifying the expected impact of different sets of policy mstruments on hydrogen supply and demand in
         the next few months. From the feasibility work to date, it 1s clear that the scale, integration and a
         programmatic approach are important levers to reduce costs and further work 1s commissioned to understand
         the ultimate green hydrogen cost levels that can be reached in this project.
         We   are at the  beginning of our journey and don’t have all the answers yet. Therefore, we invite you, the
         government and       our future customers to develop this project together: to share the msights we develop along
         the way, align our approach and activities and jointly accelerate the development of the green hydrogen
         economy to meet the climate goals.
         In case  this  memo    raises questions we are available to elaborate more, please contact us. Bear in mind that
         more   research and    design will be done over the next moths and years, which might require an update of this
         paper in due time.
         The   memo    1s structured   as follows. The rationale    underpinning the need to kickstart the green hydrogen
         economy through large-scale
                               a              dedicated ottshore wind     to hydrogen approach 1s described in Chapter 2. In
         Chapter 3, project
                       a          overview   is given describing   the ambition  and design principles, the results of the
         feasibility study to date, including cost reduction and scaling up (3.2.3) and the scope of the work towards
         end of Q2 2021. In Chapter 4, the various project phases and the anticipated timing are described (0) as well
         as legislation and regulation
                                               (4.2), final consumption (4.4) and supporting and flanking policy (Fout!
         Verwijzingsbron        niet gevonden.).
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<pre>13990841
         2       The       case       for      scaling         up
                                                                      —
                                                                             now
         The EU’s aim of climate               neutrality by 2050 forces drastic changes in the way energy is produced, stored,
         transported, used and made accessible. Large parts of the economy e.g. built environment, passenger  —
         vehicles, businesses can be electrified using (renewable) electricity. For other important parts of the
                                        —
                           e.g; steel, manufacturing, chemucals, heavy-duty transport, shipping and aviation                                       direct
                        —                                                                                                                      —
         economy
         electrification 1s not feasible or economic. Low-carbon hydrogen! 1s a solution for these hard-to-abate sectors,
         as well as a potential solution to store electricity and balance the electricity grid. Demand estimates for
         hydrogen vary but range from 45 to 70 million tonnes per annum (MTPA)? in the EU by 2050 and from 3 to
         5 MTPA mn the Netherlands.?
         Today, renewable hydrogen plays a miniscule role in the energy system. Developing the hydrogen economy
         will require building new value chains. The challenge 1s massive and encompasses the production, storage and
         transportation as well as mvestment and conversion at the customer end. Existing hard-to-abate mdustries
         will need to transform their production processes and business models; new industries will emerge.
         The Netherlands is well              positioned to       take the lead in green hydrogen production, due to large areas of
         prospective        low-cost wind North of the                Netherlands, the existing gas mtrastructure that can be transformed
         at  low-cost into        a large-scale hydrogen transportation network, connecting all major NW European                                          demand
         centres,     storage potential and a large (chemical) industry clusters with hydrogen demand.
         There     are
                         only thirty years left to build the sustainable molecules part of the future energy system. The large-
         scale development of hydrogen production needs to start now to achieve the NL and EU climate targets for
         2030 and 2050, but also to reduce costs through scale and innovation early in the development cycle, to
         underwrite the mnvestment m the [12 backbone and to seize the associated economic opportunities.
         Developing a green hydrogen market requires a dedicated offshore wind-to-hvdrogen approach, focused on
         synchronized development all parts of the value chain directed and facilitated by dedicated government
         policies. All of this requires close cooperation between customers, developers, suppliers and governments.
         The coordmated fast-track                development of the hydrogen economy to GW scale through a dedicated wind                                          for
         hydrogen approach, on top                  of the existing roadmap, and in line with the Dutch Climate Accord, 1s what
         NortH2 is about.
         !
           ‘Hydrogen’ taxanomy     in this paper follows the EU taxanomoy        as laid out in the EUU Hydrogen Strategy ‘A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral
         Europe’ (2020):
             »
                   ‘Renewable   hydrogen’,   ‘clean hydrogen’  or
                                                                  ‘green hydrogen’ 1s hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of water (in an electrolyser,
                   powered by electricity),   and with the electricity stemming from renewable sources. The full ife-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the
                   production   of renewable   hydrogen  are close  to zero.
             "
                   ‘Low  carbon
                                  hydrogen’ encompasses fossil     based     hydrogen with carbon capture and electricity based hydrogen, with  significantly reduced full
                   life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions compared       to
                                                                           existing hydrogen production.
         2
           McKinsey & Company (2020), ‘Net-Zero Europe, Decarbonization pathways and socioeconomic implications’, p. 137.
         Approximately 10 GW of offshore wind (NL sector), fully dedicated to H2 production 1s required to produce 1 MTPA of green hydrogen (NortH2
         calculations)
         3
           Gasunie & TenneT (2018), “Infrastructure Outlook 20577, p.5
         hitps:/ fwww.gasunie nl/en Jexpertise/ system integration frastructiire-outlook- 2050
                                                                         /in
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<pre>13990841
         3             Project      overview
         3.1             Ambition and         design principles
         From           mception,   the NortH?2 consortium has           set the  following objectives    to frame and   guide the  development
         of the project:
                     =
                           By 2030,   the  project  can  contribute     to  achieving the Dutch Climate Accord targets, drive down
                          production     cost of green H2      through scale and integration and trigger a NW European H2
                          backbone.
                           =>  Driving 4   GW by 2030       (0.4 MTPA of green 2 production largely with onshore electrolysis and
                           3.2-4.0 MTPA COZ2 abatement, a 100+MW pilot for offshore electrolysis will be executed).
                           By 2040, the consorttum will have moved electrolysis offshore at scale to harness wind potential of
                     =
                          more   remote    sections of the North Sea and make the necessary contribution towards                 establishing a
                           commodity     market for green H2)
                           = Driving 10+GW by 2040 (1.0+ MTPA of green H2 production and 8 10 MTPA CO2             -
                           abatement)
                           By 2050, H2 1s an mdispensable green molecule in a climate neutral and reliable energy system,
                     *
                          having established itself as a commodity in a fully functioning green 2 market.
                                                                 Phasing
                                                                                 =
                                                                 NortH2       »
          production
                                                                        7”
                                                                    /                       PHASE 2
                                                                                            +6 GW Wind
          hydrogen                                                                          +600 kton H2
                                                                                      Offshore Electrolysis
           Gre n                                                 PHASE 1
                                                                   4 GW    Wind                                |
                                                                                                                  Initial focus
                                                                  400 kton H2                                     for FID
                                                         Onshore    electrolysis
                                                   2027                                                   2040                      2050
                                                            ~.
                                                                -~            2830
         Figu re       1 —
                            NortH2  Development   Staircase
         The         project critical path 1s governed by the first 4 GW of green hydrogen production by 2030. As such, this
         paper focuses mainly on this first phase as it will offer the platform for further and more autonomous growth
         of green H2 beyond 2030.
         From the            outset of the  project,  the  following guiding design principles         were
                                                                                                             applied for Phase 1   (4 GW   by
         2030):
                          Provide      credible  pathway to mtroduce green H2 as an important pdlar of the                future energy system
                     =
                                    a
                           at lowest  cost to
                                               society achieving carbon neutrality mn 2050.
                     "
                          As   such, provide a no-regret opportunity to kickstart the green HZ economy.
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<pre>13990841
              =
                   Provide scale and value   mtegration   to significantly drive down cost to supply green H2.
                   Primarily target hard-to-abate industrial sectors for which green H2 is the most cost competitive
              =
                   solution to decarbonize and underpin launching demand at scale.
              =
                   Produce green hydrogen through water-electrolysis using renewable power.
              =
                   As such, a dedicated offshore windfarm will be developed directly coupled to the onshore
                   electrolyser thereby also relieving the public HV power grid.
              "
                    Oftshore wind farm to be in the prospective areas north of the Northern Netherlands on the top of
                   the current NL Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap (11 GW by 2030), fully dedicated to hydrogen
                   production.
              *
                   Power produced by the offshore wind farm to be transported through high voltage cables to onshore
                   electrolysers located in the Eemshaven area with dedicated power infrastructure.
                   Transportation of produced green H2 to key industrial clusters in NW Europe through refurbished
              *
                   oas pipelines that can mcreasingly be made available prior to 2030.
                   Storage of green H2 mn salt caverns in North of the Netherlands to match supply and demand,
              =
                   providing a 100% green flexibility solution.
              =
                   Pilot offshore electrolysis (~100 MW).
         3.2     Initial  feasibility study results (2020)
         Together   with consultants TNO and      DNV-GL, the consortium studied the       NortH2   development program     to
         understand the value chain setup and associated levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOLH) and accordingly the
         theoretic market potential to underpin the development. During the first stage of this study, the Phase 1
         prelimmary value chain (4 GW by 2030) was conceptualized to establish an initial view on the LCOH and
         corresponding capital requirements. Key insight that emerged is that the scale of the 4 GW program and
         optimization potential was not fully leveraged both technically or commercially.
         Consequently, the consortium commissioned TNO and DNV-GL again to further study the programmatic
         approach in terms of leveraging scale and technical mtegration, as well as the LCOH reduction potential
         provided by commercial optimization. The results strengthen the confidence of the consortium in the
         potential of the approach with regard to the objectives.
         3.2.1     4 GW    Design characteristics      NortH2 Phase 1
         Progressive sights     obtained  during  this study also changed design characteristics and scope of the program.
         Notably, where mitially the consorttum targeted a wind area South of Geminy, this later moved to an area
         North of Gemini (INW), affecting power cable length and technology choices.
         In addition,  to  accommodate the start-up of the wind farm and electrolyser, to provide grid stability and    to
         accommodate grid and power market balancing, a further electricity connection was added to partially
         connect   the electrolyser to the public  HV   grid (beyond   a dedicated connection between the wind farm and
         the electrolyser).
         This led  to the  following design  characteristics of NortH2 Phase 1     (4 GW by 2030):
         Offshore Wind Farm
                   Location North of Gemini                     average distance of ~130 km from shore
              =
                                                 (NW)     at an
              =
                   4 GW realized m 1 GW steps towards 2030, starting with the 1st GW 1n 2027
         Power infrastructure
                   Dedicated ottshore power mfrastructure from the otfshore wind farm            the onshore electrolyser in
              =
                                                                                              to
                   the Eemshaven area
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<pre>13990841
              =
                   Partial connection from the onshore        electrolyser to the public I1V-grid, to optimize the operation    of
                   the  electrolyser and at the same     time help to balance the grid without causing investments in
                   interregional grid expansion.
         Electrolyser
              =
                    Hlectrolyser located  mn Eemshaven      area   in 50 to  100 MW modules
              "4 GW realized in 2030          (producing    0.4  MTPA), starting with the 1st GW mn    2027
                   Compression and processing to meet inlet conditions H2 backbone
              =
         Transport
                   Backbone that               all major industrial clusters in Netherlands     and interconnectors to
              =
                                     connects                                                                            Germany
                   and   Belgium by 2027    mostly based on refurbished L-gas pipelines.
         Storage
              =
                   4 Salt  caverns  with a total storage   capacity   of 900 GWh    to match  supply and  demand   profiles by
                   2030.
         End-use
                   Primarily mdustrial application (see      Market Potential
              =
                                                                                 Analysis).
         3.2.2     Market Potential       Analysis
         For industrial   applications  the competitiveness      of green   hydrogen vis-a-vis other decarbonization solutions 1s
         assessed, based on full value chain cost and technical ability to switch. This analysis showed the potential of
         green hydrogen for high grade heating and feedstock without carbon requirement.
         For  high-grade heating, the major advantage of switching to hydrogen is that existing processes can be
         retrofitted, whereas switching to the all-electric option requires replacement of equipment and electricity grid
         expansion.
         Feedstock    applications   without carbon    can  be retrofitted   to green hydrogen,  such as
                                                                                                         part of the hydrogen
         supply to   refineries for  hydrocracking or hydro       treatment.
         The time-to-market for the above        two sectors    1s less than five years with an estimated potential demand of 1
         MTPA m the Netherlands,         equating   to a green hydrogen development based on 10 GW offshore wind. This
         excludes   potential  in e.g. Germany and Belgium         for which the  assessments are
                                                                                                   being developed.
         3.2.3     Cost reduction and        scaling up
         A  key part of the NortHZ value proposition 1s to significantly reduce LCOH based             on
                                                                                                           leveraging scale and
         optimization across the value chain both technically and commercially.
         The TNO/DNYV GL           study showed that LCOH can be reduced by 30% in total, of which 20% is contributed
         by the  programmatic approach, t.e. scale and technical integration and 10% by commercial optimization.
         Programmatic approach
         The  programmatic approach 1s a long-term and strategic umbrella interlinking technology and supply chain
         development along the green H2 value chain and that aims at achieving large-scale impacts based on strategic
         partnerships. Since the cost of hydrogen supply 1s a combination of capital, operational cost and energy
         efficiency, all levers to reduce cost or mcrease energy efficiency have been mapped and evaluated for potential
         to reduce LCOH, for
                                   example:
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<pre>13990841
                              Wind Farm:    Significant reductions in OPEX through pooling maintenance, reduction in
              =
                   Offshore
                   CAPEX through the aggregated 4 GW manufacturing and construction program, potentially
                   augmented by new installation methods.
                    Electrolysers: Progressive cost reductions due to modularization, standardization, (semi-) automation
              »
                   and optimization of the required ‘Balance of Plant” equipment.
                    Desion optimization: Instead of pressurizing the electrolysers at 30 barg, designing these at 3-5 barg
              *
                   which will decrease electrolyser CAPEX, with only a limited increase in compressor CAPEX.
              =
                   Operational algorithm: Load prediction and optimization of the electrolyser stacks to increase energy
                   efficiency and reduce stack maintenance.
         Commercial optimization
         In the mitral   design configuration, the electrelyser was directly coupled with the 4 GW offshore wind farm
         with  no  connection      to the grid. This means that the electrolyser load profile would follow the wind profile
         and often times, when the wind load 1s low, the electrolyser would not be fully loaded or even stand idle. In
         this set up, the capacity factor (utilization) of the electrolyser would equate to 57% or ~5000 full load hours
         per year.
         During the study a partial grid connection of 1 GW was modelled to understand the contribution towards
         reducing the overall LCOT through increasing the electrolyser utilisation. To maintain the green and
         renewable character of hydrogen produced by NortH2, the model was limited to only buy solar power
         produced in the Netherlands at times spare electrolyser capacity was available, bounded by the size of the
         partial grid connection. In case that would be economic, the model would also sell green electricity on the
         power market. Low power prices would typically indicate abundance of electricity and high prices at shortage.
         In that regard also the ability to balance the power system using electrolysers becomes apparent. As such this
         set up can also alleviate grid congestion by having the ability to electively increase or decrease the electrolyser
         load. As a consequence the connection will help to balance the grid without causing investments in
         interregional grid expansion. With an increasing share of renewable energy sources supplying the power
         market as the energy transition unfolds, the ability to balance the power grid and market through installed
         electrolyser capacity will also have an increasing value uplift in the green hydrogen business case.
         3.2.4     Levelized cost of green            hydrogen
         Figure  2 shows the breakdown of LCOH for NortH2. The cumulated                  capital mvestment for NortH2 Phase 1
         (4 GW by 2030) amounts to approximately                          (over the period 2024 2030) with costs related to
                                                                                                 —
         power (‘power mfra’) excluded; it 1s assumed that          these costs will be socialized and where appropriate passed-
         on to  the consortium via       a transmission tariff. The development of hydrogen mfrastructure (transport &
         storage)  1s also  out   of scope,  as it 1s expected that these  are open-access and  cost will be shared with other
         users.
         Without the     programmatic approach,         commercial  optimization and any level playing tield or other policy
         provisions    the LCOH for the 4 GW value chain           by 2030 would amount to approximately       || KEIR of green
         H2. The programmatic approach and commercial optimization would drive down the LCOIH to
         approximately [INKEIEISM and creating a level playing field towards green electricity would further bring down
         LCOH to approximately             IIITECSEN for phase 1 (from 2027 onwards).
         Depending on the willingness of end-users to pay a price premium compared to alternatives, and the
         development of CO2 prices (ETS), that would still leave a gap that can only be closed by additional policy
         instruments.
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<pre>13990841
                                                          (10)(1c)
         Figure 2 —
                     LCOH breakdown    (using PBL discount factor)
         3.2.5      Summary results of feasibility study             to date    (December 2020)
         Technically feasible
                    No technical   showstoppers identified,       but  significant technology and supply     chain development
                    required
         Market
                    Green  hydrogen can be cost competitive          in hard-to-abate industrial sectors    against other
                    decarbonisation    options if provided with      a level playing  field.
                    Large  demand    potential identified.
                    Potential for green H2 value cham        to balance the power market and        grid.
         High    initial costs   but  potential  to  reduce
                    Main  cost  components mn windfarms and          electrolysis; result m  a base  case
                                                                                                          price of approximately 4
                    EUR /kgH?2.
                    Programmatic approach on the basis of a [gE] program to lower component costs and allow
                    optimization over the value chain to approximately || EEN
                    Providing a level playing field for green hydrogen (socializing the cost of the offshore power
                    infrastructure) can reduce the LCOH towards approximately INSEE
                    Additional policy measures are needed to close the gap between mittal LCOH and the willingness                to
                    pay on  the demand side     (grey +  COZ).
         3.3      Scope further feasibility study towards end Q2 2021
                    The program currently beng worked by the consorttum with delivery by the end of Q2 2021 is aimed
                    at two
                           goals. Firstly, the NortH2 consortium will demonstrate a credible roadmap towards realising
                    market potential of green HZ in NW Europe. The second goal 1s to establish a line of sight to
                    atechnically feasible and mvestible business case, working towards an FID in 2024. The remaming
                    work towards end (Q2 2021 1s broken down mto 3 main workstreams with correspondmg key
                    objectives:
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<pre>13990841
            1. Technical   Development
                   a.  Proof of technical    feasibility: identify at least one overall value cham configuration that 1s
                       feasible in  terms  of technology and     supply chain readiness and can be delivered within the
                       project  critical path and   budget
                   b. Ensure all scale and integration levers of the 4 GW program towards 2030 have been pulled
                       to meet or exceed the cost target for green hydrogen
                   c.  Ensure all legal, environmental and local stakeholder requirements have been duly captured
                       in the project development plan
                       Ensure all technical risks can be managed
                   e.  Mature the ‘Beyond 2030” technical concept based on offshore electrolysis, and develop the
                       pre 2030 pilot
            2. Market Development
                   a.  Map out sectoral demand scenarios based on end-user business cases and identify required
                       market making mechanisms, confirming the competitiveness of green hydrogen in hard to
                       abate sectors and associated implementation at lowest cost to society
                   b. Produce the full range of market development scenarios and establish both sectoral and
                       overall green hydrogen implementation plans with necessary enabling policy instruments
                       identified
                   c.
                       Optimize the overall value chain configuration leveraging the partial grid connection and
                       hydrogen storage to further drive green hydrogen production cost
                       Maximize the value and benefits of green hydrogen implementation to society
                   e.  Identify launching customer base and move towards letters of mtent to underpin market
                       interest
            3. Policy Development
                   a.  Identify level playing field policy framework based on sectorial market implementation
                       scenarios and closing the overall value gap
                   b. Gam support for green hydrogen pathway towards 2050
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<pre>13990841
         4      Policy development                       in relation to           project development
         To manage     a  project  of this size and       complexity,     the consortium partners are using an integrated stage-gate
         project management framework. This framework is an industry standard and best-practice in capital intensive
         projects. It 1s a project management technique mn which a project 1s divided into distinct stages or phases,
         separated by decision pots           known      as
                                                             gates. At each decision     pont,   continuation of the       project 1s decided or
         re-considered. The decision 1s made based on forecasts and available information, including the business case,
         risk analysis, and availability of necessary resources including anticipated governmental decisions.
         Energy transition projects such as NortH2 have an additional layer of complexity: the business case and
         project risks are driven by an ambiguous policy landscape both at national level as well as EU level. It 1s
                                                                                     —
         apparent that one project will not drive the timeline on policy development. However, at the request of the
         Ministry, it 1s insightful to share what the project needs at each stage in terms of policy clarity. NortH2 with                       4
         GW in 2030 can materially contribute to the Dutch and European hydrogen ambition, starting in the
         Netherlands and       Germany. Thinking about what needs to be in place in 2021 and the following years to
         enable such    a  contribution m 2030 will not            only benefit the NortlH2 ambition 1t will also support other
                                                                                                            —
                                in
         hydrogen projects development and provide a useful starting point for a public-private collaboration and
         dialogue around policy development.
         As described 1n “3.1 Ambition and             design principles’,    the North   12 consorttum has ambitions           to realize 10+
         GW offshore wind and 1+ MTPA green hydrogen production by 2040. Phase 1 of the project 1s 4 GW
         offshore wind and green hydrogen production via onshore electrolysis by 2030. The immediate activities
         predominantly concern        the  development           of Phase 1.
         Figure 3 displays the integrated stage-gate project management approach towards realizing Phase 1. As                              the
         project progresses through the stages, the commercial /engineering work 1s matured, risks are detailed,
         quantified and managed and uncertainty in the busmess case 1s reduced.
         The  two   key milestones     for the      project (FID and First Hydrogen) are set by two drivers. Firstly, NortH?2
         would like   to  contribute   to  the    European, the Dutch and German hydrogen ambitions set for 2030 and
         therefore has an ambitious construction speed of 1 GW / year starting with the 1st GW mn 2027. Secondly,
         looking at offshore wind, the typical project execution from FID to first power takes about 3 years. This puts
         FID in 2024. At FID, the typical uncertainty in the business case 1s 10% or less. That means that, in order to
         take FID by 2024, the consortium should have clarity on key aspects of the policy and regulatory landscape at
         that moment.
                              2020                               2022          2023              :
                                                                                                       PAVPASEPAVELY
                        FEASIBILITY                               ENGINEERING                                    EXECUTION
                                                                                                                      2027    2028        2030
                                                                                                                                    2029
                                                                                                                      1GW    26W    3oW   4aW
                                            Proof         Select        Start                FID
                                          Feasibility    Concept       FEED
         Figure 3 —
                    Nortl2 Phase 1   integrated stage-gate project management       framework
         HOW TO USE TABLE 17
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<pre>13990841
         The   integrated      overview of project maturation and the            policy needs     are
                                                                                                       captured     in Table 1. It 1s the overview
         of the sections mn this       chapter. The first row highlights the project milestones and timeline. The integrated
         and   programmatic approach also applies within a stage. Looking at the first column and bullets in Table 1, the
         availability of the offshore wind plots dedicated to hydrogen production, will make the NortHZ opportunity
         feasible or infeasible. Hence, this 1s captured as part of the feasibility phase. The exact location of the wind
         plot will determine seabed conditions, cost of the windfarm construction, the size and cost of the power
         transmission system, wind turbine size, etc. These elements may impact the concept of the project
         development and hence are captured mn the phase ‘Select Concept’ in the second column.
         Details      are provided    m the    following sections:
               =
                       Section 0   provides    an  overview of the NortH2 stage-gate approach including an associated budget
                       indication and    project timeline. In relation to each stage-gate and for each component in the value
                       chain, the associated policy instruments and political decisions                are  identified. For the sake of clarity
                       descriptions   and   explanations   are
                                                               kept  short in this     paragraph.
               =
                       In the remainder of this       chapter political decisions in association with the project stage-gates process
                       are detailed out. The
                                                 policy instruments are discussed following the “four policy pillars of focus’
                       analogue   to the   Dutch    ‘Government Strategy on Hydrogen’ (4.2) Legislation and regulation, (4.3)
                       Cost reduction and scaling up green hydrogen, (4.4) Sustainability of final consumption and (4.5)
                       Supporting and tlanking policy.
         4
           Kamerbriet over Kabimnetsvisie waterstof (2020)
         https:/ ‘www .ryksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken /2020 703 / 30 ‘kamerbriet over-kabinetsvisie-waterstof
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<pre>13990841
         Table 1   Policy development  in relation   to
                                                         project   maturation
                                                                   2021                                                        2022                                           Mid 2022   -
                                                                                                                                                                                           2024
           Phase 1                                     Demonstrate      feasibility                      Select concept before detailed engineering                     Final Investment Decision
           Project  milestones                Fundamental      strategic policy decisions                                                                     4 GW Offshore wind and       electrolysis by 2030
          Offshore wind              =
                                            Identify  at least  a  4 GW offshore wind lot above       .
                                                                                                           Offshore wind lot     designated  to NortH2.     .
                                                                                                                                                                Offshore wind secured for green       hydrogen.
                                            NNL   on  top of the Offshore Wind Energy
                                                                                                      =
                                                                                                           Allocation mechanism       implemented.              Sufficient outlook  on  offshore wind    expansion
                                                                                                                 permitting and award                           capacity for
                                                                                                      =
                                            Roadmap      2030                                              Start                           process.                           green  hydrogen.
                                     =
                                            Decision to dedicate      (identified) offshore wind
                                            plots for hydrogen production
                                     "
                                            Commence design of allocation and award
                                            mechanism of dedicated ‘wind+H2’ offerings
           Infrastructure            -
                                            Socialize power infrastructure costs to maintain                                                                -
                                                                                                                                                                Clarity on roles of TS0O’s and mandate to
                                            level playing   field between green electrons and       Power infrastructure                                        operate public hydrogen transport
                                            hydrogen                                                  =
                                                                                                           Ensure  spatial planning    process to               infrastructure
                                                                                                           accommodate power tracés
                                    Power infrastructure
                                            Clarity  on  the TSO role    regarding the   electrical Hydrogen infrastructure
                                            direct connection between the offshore                    =
                                                                                                           Develop a hydrogen specifications      and
                                            windfarm and the onshore          landing.                     standards
                                     u
                                            Clarity on the TSO role      regarding the   onshore
                                            electrolyser grid connection.
                                                           —
                                    Hydrogen    infrastructure
                                     .
                                            Provide Gasunie with the mandate to support
                                            and start to develop the required infrastructure
                                            in stages.
                                     .
                                            Determine backbone         phasing.
                                     "
                                            To support FIDs for the first stages       a financing
                                            mechanism is      agreed   and  approved.
           Market   development      =
                                            Decision to    develop policy framework (at               =
                                                                                                           To certify the carbon content and origin of      .
                                                                                                                                                                Legislative process completed      and
                                            national and EU      level) to incentivise demand for          hydrogen, a GoO system is implemented.               implementation started
                                            green   hydrogen in selected hard-to-abate                =
                                                                                                           Start of legislative process on policy to
                                            sectors                                                        incentivise sectoral demand trough specific
                                                                                                           instruments    (e.g. targets).
           Electrolysers;                   Governmental support for         a large-scale            =
                                                                                                           Targeted instruments to stimulate cost           =
                                                                                                                                                                Targeted   instruments   granted
           upscaling and  cost              programmatic approach                                          reductions, upscaling and innovation to
           reduction                                                                                       support the large-scale programmatic
                                                                                                           approach
           Hydrogen storage                 Government decision         on developing hydrogen       to’   FID for first two  caverns   and above  ground-  u
                                                                                                                                                                FID for other  caverns  and above    ground-
                                            storage capacity                                               installations                                        installations
           International                    Further   strengthening the      NL energy hub            =
                                                                                                           Ensure match     legislative and regulatory      =
                                                                                                                                                                Legislative and regulatory frameworks adjusted
          cooperation                       function, decision     to support international trade          frameworks between        neighbouring countries     and  aligned
                                            of green    hydrogen                                           to support cross-border green hydrogen trade
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<pre>13990841
         4.1       NortH2 stage-gate               approach
         The NortH2       project development         can  be divided in four stages     as displayed in  Figure 3.
         DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY          |                      —
                                             DECEMBER 2020 MID 2021            |  BUDGET: € [SSIES]
         NortH?2 is in the middle of the          feasibility phase.  In this  phase, the opportunity 1s studied from all angles:
         technically, costs, economics, potential end-users and the policy landscape. Based on the mnsights provided
         through the studies, the key ambitions and design principles are set for the project (Section 3.1 and 3.2). At
         the end of this stage, there 1s a good understanding of (1) what it takes to realise a robust, investible project
         and (11) that realising the necessary conditions 1s realistic and feasible.
           From    a
                     government policy            perspective, we     believe that the      following fundamental strategic
           decisions     are   needed in 2021:
                "
                     Government declares the intent             to develop the hydrogen economy in the Netherlands in
                     accordance with the NortH;             large-scale programmatic approach and strategic umbrella
                     interlinking technology         and   supply chain development along the green hydrogen value cham to
                     enable a cost-reduction and scale-up of green hydrogen at the lowest cost to society;
                =
                     Additional dedicated offshore wind lots for hydrogen on top of the existing offshore wind
                     roadmap 2030 should be assigned in 2021;
                "A decssion to develop the required policy framework (at national and EU level) 1s needed to
                     incentivize demand for green hydrogen in hard-to-abate sectors; and
                "
                     A mandate for Gasunie and TenneT to support and accommodate the development of the
                     required hvdrogen transportation and power infrastructure and also securing a level plaving field.
         Mid 2021,    at  the end of the      feasibility phase, and the start of the development of the technical concept,
         certain  prerequisites     need    to be m place to enable a positive stage-gate decision. An overview of these
                           1s
         prerequisites provided           below.    Each element refers back to bullets provided in Table 1.
         Offshore wind
              =
                   The ‘decision in      principle’   to  dedicate offshore wind lot for      hydrogen   on  top of the existing offshore
                   wind    roadmap      2030 should be made. To        underpin     this decision, we believe that:
                      o      Offshore wind sites should be located north of the Northern Netherlands                 -
                                                                                                                       planned nearby
                             strategic onshore electrolyser (NortHZ2)         locations to enable   a power connection    landing
                             directly to the electrolysers.
                      o      The size should      at least match the national green hydrogen ambition of 4 GW. The awarding
                             of offshore wind      plots and associated green hydrogen production should allow for the
                             necessary cost reduction economies of scale.
                      ©      The offshore wind lot should be designated for             hydrogen production and the integrated link
                             between offshore wind and          electrolysers    should be  explored through dedicated “wind +H2’
                             awarding processes.
                      o      Government should          start preparation  of award process and      permutting process (e.g. indicate
                             lot, develop required permitting for lot, etc). All to enable the         NortH2 project timeline, which
                             are tied to the national / BU green hydrogen ambitions.
                      o      In  light of this paragraph we welcome the plans of MEAC to further develop various potential
                             tender   options for combmed offshore wind and hydrogen, based on the initial assessment
                             done by Guidehouse. We are available to contribute to this process by leveraging insights from
                             the NortH2 feasibility study.
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<pre>13990841
         Power Infrastructure
                  Clarity on   the offshore power TSO role regarding the electrical direct connection between the
                 offshore    windfarm      and the onshore landing; Who will design and operate the oftshore electricity
                  connectionr
                  Clarity on the TSO role regarding the partly onshore electrolyser grid connection.
                 Alignment of decisions with relevant anticipated European frameworks.
                  Feasibility established of power transmission to Eemshaven / Groningen.
                  nitrate the necessary steps for spatial planning and permits for realizing mfrastructure             to
                  accommodate power traces.
         Hydrogen Infrastructure
                  A ‘decsion in     principle’  on
                                                    developing the national H2 backbone should be taken. As soon as
                 possible   after that the backbone       phasing should be determined. The phased development of the
                 backbone sections should be aligned with the market development approach.
                  Gasunte needs a clear mandate to start developing national H2-infrastrucure as legislation 1s not
                  anticipated to be timely in place. This means the role of Gasunie in public hydrogen transport should
                 be made clear as soon as possible by the government. Decisions should be robust and aligned with
                  relevant anticipated European frameworks. Basic rules and regulation on third party access to
                 backbone should be in place when it 1s ready for use.
                  Because this infrastructure 1s being built for the future and existing pipelines are used, there will be
                  some
                         pipeline capacity that will not be used m the begmning. In addition to the Gasunie mandate, it
                  1s important to understand how to deal with the risk and cost of the unused capacity. To mitigate this
                  specific risk, a subsidy or guarantee of 30-50% of the investment from the government will be
                 Necessary.
                 To support the FIDs of the first backbone sections, a financing mechanism for                 developing hydrogen
                  infrastructure should be agreed, approved and in line with EU regulations.
                 A clear view     on   the hydrogen market design would be welcome. It should highlight the future roles
                  and  responsibilities    of market and    regulated players in the production and supply of hydrogen (who
                  can own,
                              operate   and  offer  integration services to the market), set clear rules for the injection of
                 hydrogen and state specific rules for connecting electrolysers to the grid.
         Market   Development
                 A decision     to  develop   the  required policy  framework   (at national and EU     level) to incentivize
                  demand for green hvdrogen in hard-to-abate sectors (for            more  details, see  Section 4.4 Sustainability of
                  final consumption: Creating a green hydrogen market).
         Electrolysers; upscaling and       cost reduction
                  Governmental support for a large-scale programmatic            (electrolyser) approach and strategic umbrella
                  interlinking technology and supply chain development            (for more details, see Seczzon 4.3 Cost
                  reduction and      scaling up  green   hydrogen).
         Hydrogen Storage
                 Timely    decisions    are needed    to be able to develop hydrogen storage mfrastructure. It takes five to
                  seven
                         years   to
                                     develop   salt caverns  and the above  ground installations. Decisions need to be taken
                  eatly in the process. Gasunie aims to take FIID’s in 2021 and 2022.
                  Start of the mining permit and spatial coordination (RCR, rikscoordinatie              regeling)  process.
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<pre>13990841
         International Cooperation
                   Further    strengthening the NL energy hub function, decision to support mternational trade of green
              =
                   hydrogen.
              =
                   Stimulate and expand international cooperation around the North Sea and develop a shared view
                   with tor example Denmark and Germany on e.g. windparks and connections.
                   Strengthen international cooperation on European level and with neighbouring countries to support
              =
                   cross-border green hydrogen trade. And promote a European approach.
         DeveLop & SELecT Concept          | mip 2021-2022 | BupceT: € ERIN
         Once the basic design principles are distilled from the feasibility studies and the principle policy decisions              are
         in place, the project can move to Concept Development. The goal of this stage 1s to select the best technical
         concept based      on a  broad evaluation framework.
         The  prerequisite    for this work 1s that fundamental      strategic decisions have been made such as the mandate of
         the TSOs 1s clear and the       strategic policy  direction 1s set. During this phase more detailed studies commence
         regarding   the  commercial     venture   structure, the  end-user   needs, the vendor ecosystem, potential electrolyser
         technologies, operating modes,         etc. A number    of technical  concepts are explored and at the end of the phase,
         the most optimal concept 1s selected.
         Concept Sefect:  this milestone marks the     moment     that the  high-level project design    elements  are fixed. In
         addition  to  the  development of the technical concept, and the policy landscape, the commercial agreements
         start to take shape. The certainty of (un)favourable conditions for an imnvestible project mcrease significantly
         throughout this phase and as much certainty as possible             has to be attained   on  the bullets addressed below. It
         is key that the offshore wind area 1s secured.
         Once the concept 1s selected, the frame has been set. Between that moment and FID, the project team
         “works the details”. This derazled engineering phase requires a massive ramp up of resources (€ X00 mln). It 1s
         time  to detail  out  the  project: the subcontractor ecosystem is set up, the first signatures are set. In this phase,
         the selected high-level project design is detailed to a level that allows for construction of the project. For
         instance, binding long-term Sales and Purchase Agreements are in place for nearly all the hydrogen to be
         produced (similar to PP As for wind developments). The goal is to get to a level of detail, commitment and
         certainty that allows for the final investment decision (FID).
         Offshore wind
              =
                   Offshore wind lot      designated.   The wind concession allows for        a dedicated wind for   hydrogen
                   development.
              =
                   Allocation mechanism         implemented.
              =
                   Permitting process       18 on track and  no
                                                                 showstoppers     identified: Timeline   aligned with delivery of first
                   GW mn 2027.
              =
                   Site  preparations planned      and  on  track for first GW mn 2027.
              *
                   The IPCEI       status 1s awarded   to the Dutch   proposal,   this helps  the  project as for example   lots can  be
                   awarded     as part of IPCEL
         Power Infrastructure
              =
                   After the role of the offshore power TSO 1s broadened, take the next step in design of Power
                   Infrastructure. In this phase ensure spatial planning process to accommodate power traces.
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<pre>13990841
         Hydrogen       Infrastructure
                    Develop hydrogen specification and standards, for example, the pressure regime, allowed impurities
               =
                    and their thresholds, standard contracting templates etc. This specification should align with NW
                    Europe countries to ensure that hydrogen can flow cross-border.
               =
                    First FIDD’s of staged development of the backbone are taken.
         Market     Development
               *
                    To    certify the    carbon     content    and  origin of hydrogen, a GoO system 1s implemented.
                    Start of legislative process              policies to incentivize green hydrogen demand m hard-to-abate
               =
                                                           on                                                                       sectors.
         Electrolysers; upscaling           and cost reduction
               *
                    The     preferred concept of the electrolyser will be further developed in 2021. Innovation will take
                    place within the project from 1 GW towards 10 GW in 2040. Targeted mstruments to stimulate cost
                    reductions, upscaling and innovation to support the large-scale approach should be provided.
         Hydrogen Storage
               =
                    PID tor first two         caverns     and above    ground-installations.
               =
                    Pnanctal mechanisms               to mitigate the commercial risks of building storage     for the future, that 1s
                    not
                           completely used         in  the beginning.
         International Cooperation
               =
                    Ensure match          legislative and regulatory      frameworks between     neighbouring countries   to support
                    cross-border green           hydrogen trade
         FINAL
                  INVESTMENT       Decision     |  2024    | BupceT
                                                                       EJIIIS
         The   largest   evaluation takes         place  at FID:   technical concept, cost levels, schedule, economics and risks are
         understood, allowing          the consortium partners to take the decision to invest in the project, the Final Investment
         Decision.  Subsequently, the construction phase completes the project development cycle.                    The project will
         come on-stream          in phases, the first GW beng planned mn 2027.
         For FID, the        following boundary          elements need     to be in place:
               *
                    Offshore wind (GW scale) secured for green hydrogen
               =
                    Award process finalized, and NortH2 successful in securing offshore wind for hydrogen concessions
               =
                    Sufficient outlook on offshore wind expansion capacity for green hydrogen (post 2030)
                    (Clarity on the roles of the future H2 TSO to operate public hydrogen transport infrastructure
               =
               =
                    Legslative process completed and implementation started to secure market development
                    Target mstruments (to reduce costs of electrolysers) are granted
               =
               =
                    FID for other caverns and above ground-installations has been taken
                    Legislative and regulatory frameworks are adjusted and aligned for international cooperation.
               =
         4.2       Legislation and regulation
         The    anticipated     NortH2      set   up mvolves the      following three  infrastructure mnterfaces:
         5
           For more details see Section 3.1 and 3.2
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<pre>13990841
                1     a direct    coupling between the offshore wind farm(s) and the electrolyser(s) to ensure green hydrogen
                      production and reduce potential grid congestion.
               (g%]   a
                        partial connection to the public high voltage grid (no expansion needed) for operational/
                      commercial reasons and to allow for grid balancing activities (not to produce hydrogen).
               3      aconnection to the hydrogen backbone for hydrogen transportation purposes.
         Each of these elements             requires supporting mandates and regulations to enable smooth mtegration, reduce
         inherent     project      risks and   optimize cost reductions. What is common, 1s that with energy transition projects
         such as NortH2 the existing regulatory framework does not have the right provisions to kickstart large
         mfrastructure transformations, or quickly assess roles and responsibilities of incumbent TSOs. We believe
         existing regulations do not provide the mandate for the TSO (on the electricity and future hydrogen
         infrastructure) and we encourage the government to assess whether the current regulations can be modified
         to accommodate hydrogen distribution or if a new set of regulatory frameworks 1s needed®.
         It 1s the role of the government to orchestrate infrastructure development underpinning energy transition and
         to enable
                        projects such as NortH2 to come to fruition. We will need governmental and political support to
         make this      project a global flagship project.
         These elements           are  also captured    mn Table 1 under        Offshore Wind and  Infrastructure.
         4.2.1        Physically connected electrolyser: Offshore wind
         The Dutch government has set a target of 11 GW offshore wind in 2030. Greater ambition 1s needed to meet
         the Dutch Climate Accord and more will be needed to contribute to the newly released European offshore
         wind ambition          (HU Strategy on       Offshore Renewable           Energy, 2020)  and the North Sea     Energy Outlook.
         A critical     component        to  the success   of this   large-scale integrated project will be an assured, timely and direct
         physical     connection of the offshore           windfarm(s) to the electrolyser. This provides numerous benefits
         including operational synergies             which    can unlock scale of
                                                                                        production and cost reductions essential to the
         success of NortH2 and the Dutch energy transition. Realizing NortH2 on Dutch soil can help the Dutch
         government build-out their own (offshore) portfolio, secure a competitive position in Europe for offshore
         wind, hydrogen and the other innovations associated with this integrated project and can also serve to address
         those potential congestion ssues that could arise from power import. Also NortH2 can add to the creation of
         local employment which mn light of economic impact followmg COVIID-19 can contribute to the Dutch
         economy.
         The aim of the NortH2 consortium is                   to realize 4 GW installed offshore wind         capacity before 2030 North of
         the Netherlands           (N-NL)     and grow the mstalled offshore wind capacity to more than 6+ GW after 2030. To
         realize    this, offshore wind lots need          to be identified, secured and dedicated for hydrogen. NortH2 is a project
         with    multiple partners that have extensive experience in offshore wind (ranging from Shell Netherlands and
         Equinor to RWE). To fully unlock the NortH2 potential an award, open door policy, or dedicated /combined
         offshore wind tender 1s required to create the mtegrated value and cost reduction of the programmatic
         NortIH2 approach. The Dutch government can support the market development non-monetary (in-direct
         support) or directly (subsidies). Another option 1s to demarcate the consortium controlled or arranged
         offshore wind build out. Also, an IPCEI status could help realize awarded lots or a bigger part of the value
         chain.
         8
           Kamerbrief    Ryksvisie Marktontwikkeling voor de Energietransitie (2020)
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<pre>13990841
          The   cost of construction of the power infrastructure needs to be socialized to ensure a level        playing field
         between electrons and molecules. Ths 1s mn line with current policies for wind for electricity.
         4.2.2     Grid connected        electrolysers: Green hydrogen through Guarantees of Origin
         As shared in the    design principles Section 3.2.3, NortH2 1s anticipating a partial connection to the high
         voltage grid   for operational/ commercial reasons and to allow for grid balancing activities.
         In absence of power from the direct connection between the            electrolyser and the renewable power plant, the
         so-called risk of “backfilling” of the    grid can  manifest itself. Backfilling 1s said to occur, when a carbon
         intensive source of power 1s used (instead of a renewable source) to obtain the required load of electricity to
         the electrolyser. Especially in areas with a lower penetration of renewable production, backfilling is more
         likely to occur, especially during periods of low sun or wind.
         However,    to  allow the electrolyser a  favourable load pattern, the    electrolyser should  not be required  to ‘load
         follow’ the renewable power plant. During summer, there are often extended periods of low wind, severely
         straining the business case of the green hydrogen producers. Instead, the electrolyser should be allowed to
         continue to produce at 1ts required load and should be required to prove it only uses renewable electricity.
         When power mtake 1s from the grid connection, this proof can be provided by retiring an equal number of
         Guarantees of Origin (GoO) over the amount of power used. This 1s the only standard of proof currently
         available to prove renewable electricity was used. GoOs are created by the Renewable Energy Directive
         (RED) and are the standard across Europe and are therefore an appropriate means to prove only renewable
         power was used to produce green hydrogen.
         When    more   granular conditions are required to prove only renewable power was used (for example, to use
         green hydrogen as a compliance fuel towards the RED II Transport target), most preferably the following
         conditions should apply, to allow the electrolyser sufficient flexibility over its load in order not to undermine
         its business  case:
              =
                   The GoOs     are still required to be retired, to prevent double counting,
              *
                   The temporal matching can be done on basis of meter-based tracking or another industry
                   application, on the basis of transparent production data from TenneT for instance. Currently several
                   early mitiatives are under contemplation mn various study groups, beside the standard the EC will set
                   for the mobility sector in lieu of the REDIT art 27 Delegated Act.
              *
                   An accounting timeframe of one month 1s preferred.
              "
                   A geographical scope bevond the Netherlands bidding zone should enable the electrolyser to source
                   renewable power from other bidding zones.
                   Allowing a monthly temporal matching, not only ensures sufficient flexibility, but also allows the
              =
                   Gos     to be used for this end, without further amendments         to the standard.
              =
                   We believe there 1s    no risk of double   compensation with renewable power coming from subsidized
                   power plants   because the   degree   of subsidized income of newly awarded SDE++ decisions 1s
                   reduced with any mcome       over  the sale of the GoOs     (to the green  hydrogen producer).
         Similarly, when the electrolyser 1s directly connected to the wind farm, there may be periods of wind power
         shortage where power from the grid may be used. The means of proving only renewable power 1s taken from
         the grid should therefore be allowed to be used complementary to the proot of using renewable power from
         the direct connection. By use of solar power from the Northern region the electrolyser may contribute to
         debottlenecking of the grid in periods of high solar supply.
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<pre>13990841
         4.2.3     Hydrogen transport and storage
         Having pure hydrogen transport mfrastructure in place 1s a key and critical success factor for North2. By
         2027, Gasunite could have developed pure hydrogen transport infrastructure (based on 1ts existing natural gas
         pipelines) that connects all industrial clusters in the Netherlands, including storage and interconnection.
         Gasunte has already converted its first 12 km natural gas pipeline to hydrogen transport infrastructure in
         2018. That pilot-project demonstrates that existing mnfrastructure can be refurbished for hydrogen transport.
         However, there     a few  prerequisites     to enable the development and/or exploitation       of the hydrogen
         infrastructure   on a  large scale:
              1.   NortH2 believes that the        hydrogen transport- and storage infrastructure should be open to all future
                   users (producers, shippers, suppliers and customers). Thus, the infrastructure should be open-access
                   with NortH2 as one of the launching customers. To ensure this, basic lawsand legislation on third
                   party access and launching customers should be timely in place, especially for transport.
              1    NortH2 also believes that        hydrogen transport   infrastructure should be    developed   and  explotted by an
                   unbundled     hydrogen grid     operator. That also  means    that network related activities should be
                   separated   from activities open to competition. This is an important step to create a level playing field
                   across  market parties engaging in the commercial competitive space and thus driving down costs.
                   Basic rules and   legislation covering the    market   design aspect   for  transportation should   timely be in
                   place.
              3.   Gasunte will   use  its  existing natural gas pipelines, meaning that the hydrogen infrastructure already
                   has a fixed capacity. Most pipelines that will be used have a diameter of 36 or 48 inches leading to a
                   potential hydrogen backbone with a capacity of 10-15 GW. However, at the beginning of the project
                   not all the capacity will be used and the costs related to this underuse cannot fully be charged to the
                   market. This situation creates a large commercial risk of which Gasunie 1s prepared to take a big part,
                   but a fall-back guarantee from the government should be in place for some certainty.
              4.   NortH2 foresees that four salt-caverns need         to  be  developed   for  hydrogen storage. Developing salt
                   caverns   takes considerable time and investment decisions need to be taken            even  before there 1s
                   certainty m that largescale electrolyser capacity will be built. It will take Gasunie five to seven years        to
                   develop the caverns and the above ground mstallations. Gasunie expects totake FID’s in 2021 en
                   2022.
         Together with MEAC Gasunie 1s working on HyWay27: a joint effort to investigate how and under what
         (regulatory and financial) conditions the current natural gas pipelines can be used tor the creation of national
         public hydrogen transport infrastructure. There are three important pillars m the project:
              =
                   Usefulness and    necessity of national hydrogen       mfrastructure
              =
                   Technical   possibilities
              =
                   Legal /regulatory    and financial conditions
         The  HyWay27 project 1s      to   be finished   by April 2021. Swftly after the publication of HyWay27, government
         is urged  to take  a ‘decision in   principle’to build a national backbone and to develop the legal framework,
         includmg support      instruments     to deal with the value gap described earlier.
         In the  recently published    North Sea      Energy Outlook,   1t 1s concluded that it 1s essential to start realizing the
         infrastructure that 1s needed for transport of green molecules           to end-users,  even
                                                                                                       though  there 1s still
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<pre>13990841
         uncertainty on        the  exact  development of markets.” There           are two arguments that  highlight why a start 1s
         needed: the mfrastructure will be necessary and 1t will take time to build. Using already existent infrastructure
         like natural gas pipelines 1s seen as an opportunity, both technically as well as from a societal costs point of
         view. The infrastructure will be rolled out in several steps starting in industrial clusters and growing towards a
         full national system mn 2027. The mfrastructure will be built with existing pipelines with a specific capacity.
         Although using the existing infrastructure 1s cheaper than using new mfrastructure, investment costs cannot
         fully be transferred to market parties. Gasunie 1s prepared to mnvest and take risks tor the large part. However,
         some     form of support or guarantee of 30%-50% of the CAPEX 1s needed to make sure a transport tariff can
         be put forward to market parties. Concerning this issue, the Mmister of MEAC has announced that he 1s
         looking into       the needed     public    investments.
         We    are aware      that  securing the right rules     and   regulations mn time before FID will be a challenge, partly
         because the EU framework for rules and regulations will remain unclear. A solution needs to be found to deal
         with this developing framework. A precedent for the first 1ssue can be found 1n Gasunie’s development of the
         heat transport network. In that case MEAC gave Gasunie a task to start with the development of the
         infrastructure mn anticipation of a legal task and appropriate regulation.
         Next    to  transport, storage 1s of eminent          importance; not only in relation to the balancing function green
         hydrogen       can
                              provide    for the   energy system, but also because it enables Gasunue to provide a baseload service
         of hydrogen        transport. The storage infrastructure will be built in a staged and robust manner for growth and
         future developments. In analogy to the transport mfrastructure there are costs that cannot be transferred to
         market parties and therefore some form of support or guarantee 1s needed; preferably European funding or
         national support that fits within a fixed and agreed state aid framework.
         The first investment decisions for the             staged   roll-out of hydrogen    transportinfrastructure and storage are
         expected      mn 2021 and 2022.        However,    to  be able   to create national hydrogen mntrastructure that connects all
         industrial clusters with each other with storage and interconnection the mvestment decisions all have to be
         taken in the next four years. That means that a financial support mechanism for the hydrogen transport and
         storage needs        to be in   place  as soon as
                                                             possible.
         4.3       Cost reduction and               scaling    up green       hydrogen
         The    success    of green    hydrogen will depend on the lowest cost for society, meaning the lowest LCOH and the
         highest spill-over effect to society. As part of the Dutch Cabmet Vision on hydrogen, three levers of success
         were identified for
                                    green hydrogen: upscaling, cost reduction and innovation.
         As   explamed mn 3.2.3, NortHa has a long-term programmatic approach and strategic umbrella interlinking
         technology and supply chain development along the green hydrogen value chain. This allows for a cost
         reduction through two main principles. The large-scale allows economies of scale in all parts of the value
         chain (e.g. electrolysers, offshore wind), both mn CAPEX as well as OPEX. The second one 1s the integrated
         design and development, e.g. optimised pressure regime, optimused electrical infrastructure design.
               =
                     Since the     cost  of hydrogen      supply 1s a combmation of capital, operational cost and energy      efficiency,
                     all levers   to  reduce   cost or   increase energy efficiency have been mapped and evaluated for        potential
                     to  reduce    LCOH,      resulting in a LCOH reduction of almost 1 EUR /ke (Figure 2).
               =
                     The scale of NortH2 mcentivizes             electrolyser manufacturers to transform their manufacturing
                     process. Today,        these   manufacturing processes are small scale, non standard and labour intensive.
                     Factories need to be         build to accommodate the dramatic step up towards GW scale green hydrogen
         DNV- GL      (2020), ‘North Sea Energy Qutlook’
         https:/ /wwrw.dnvel.com /publications /north-sea-eneroy-outlook-192287
         ®
           Kamerbrief Kabinetsvisie waterstol  (2020)
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<pre>13990841
                     projects. The ability to further modularize, standardize and automate the manufacturing of
                     electrolyser equipment mn dedicated assembly lines provides the biggest immediate opportunity to
                     significantly drive down electrolyser cost.
               =
                     Research and innovation of electrolyser technology will become an important branch of science and
                     technology development. This lays a foundation for future low-carbon, synthetic energy carriers that
                     will be able to contribute to a low-carbon energy supply in various ways. They offer a solution for the
                     future problem of a time- and place-dependent imbalance of electricity. There is scope for innovation
                     on
                         (micro-jelectrons, membranes and materials needed for the electrochemical conversion of water
                     into hydrogen (and oxygen). ECCM, TNO and FME have explored the potential of the electrolyser
                     ecosystem m the Netherlands and found 80+ companies and research mstitutes that erther do
                     research, develop technology or provide sub-components to the electrolyser ecosystem.                                      10
               *
                     For scaling up green hydrogen there 1s a need for funding, e.g. for exploitation. Because the
                     European framework 1s very relevant in this regard, this point 1s elaborated in section 4.5.
         Although indirect, NortH2 and other hydrogen production projects have a spillover effect to R&I and
         innovation. At feasibility stage, it 1s a challenge to quantify this contribution. What 1s apparent is that the cost
         reduction and upscaling through the NortH2 programmatic approach is significant. This approach is a
         strategic decision. The success of NortH2 will depend on the governmental support that a (long-term)
         large-scale programmatic approach needs.
         4.4       Sustainability of final consumption: Creating                                    a  green      hydrogen market
         Green     hydrogen      has   an  essential role      to         in
                                                                   play decarbonizing               sectors    that  are hard-to-abate through
         electrification, especially industry and heavy-duty transport. Given the long mvestment cycles and complexuty
         of overturning industrial processes, it 1s essential to incentivize the use of green hydrogen simultaneously with
         incentives on the production side. A hybrid approach of different policies will be the best option to stimulate
         a green hydrogen demand in industry. Policies will only be impactful if they are troduced together, 1.e.
         policies on the producer and purchaser alike.
         STIMULATE      GREEN HYDROGEN DEMAND AND USE IN INDUSTRY
         The    following policies        should be considered            to  stimulate the demand and              use  of green  hydrogen.
               e     Policies that achieve            a
                                                         higher     carbon      price.    A   higher carbon price 1s crucial for green hydrogen to
                     be considered as a decarbonization solution and the upcoming review of the EU-ETS offers an
                     important opportunity. However, CO2 prices will not work to initiate use of green hydrogen
                     market on their own, they need to be flanked by other policy measures. At this pont in time, the
                     COz2 abatement cost through consumption of green hydrogen 1s relatively high compared to available
                     alternatives.
               e
                     Together with        a  robust level of carbon           pricing, specific policy measures             should be considered    to
                     drive demand such            as  targets for industrial users set at EU level that promote the uptake of
                     renewables, mcluding            hydrogen as defined in the EU Taxonomy. Such targets could drive
                     decarbonization of hard-to-abate                 sectors such as chemicals and boost the uptake of green hydrogen,
                     sending a clear signal to producers and triggering investments. We recommend that any target should
                     be progressive and achievable. It should be accompanied by policies to ensure adequate supply and
                     alternative means of compliance. The upcoming review of the EU Renewable Energy Directive 1s an
                     important opportunity in this respect.
         ?
           Elektrochemische Conversie & Matermalen     (2017), ‘Naar een CO2 -neutrale energievoorziening in      20507
         https:/ /www.coZneutraahn2050.nl ‘docs     /reports fadvies-elektrochemische-conversie-matenialen-ecom      YH 2%80%49 3september-201 Tpdf
         IME & TNO        (2020), "Elektrolysers: Kansen  voor  de Nederlandse Maakindustrie’
         https:/ /www.tnonl/nl/over-tno/mienws/ 2020/11        /elektrolysers-kansen-voor-de-nederlandse-maakindustrie/
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<pre>13990841
              e     In  parallel,  these hard-to-abate   sectors   should receive     policy support to   ensure    that  they are enabled
                    to  make the necessary investments for this transition. This could include:
                      =
                           Carbon Contract for Differences (CCfD) awarded to low carbon material                       producers (e.g.
                           steel, chemicals manufacturers) based       on    the volumes of low carbon material         produced and
                           attributed via auctions. This mechanism would need             to be carefully  assessed    against other
                          policies   and should work mn combination with           extra CAPEX support        to  mcentivise businesses     to
                           switch   to low-carbon    production processes.
                      *
                           Promotion of the     use  of “low-carbon” and        “green” products    m end-use     sectors.  The   following
                          policy options     could be considered:
                                   Voluntary market initiatives and the use of certificates for emissions reductions.
                              =
                                   Strengthen public procurement rules (e.g. for low carbon intensity steel) to support
                              =
                                   early market creation.
                              =
                                   Tax credits and incentives to stimulate customer to purchase products with a lower
                                   carbon footprint.
                              *
                                   Gradual modification of building codes to encourage adoption of materials with lower
                                   carbon intensity.
         Simultaneously, policies to address the risk of carbon leakage should be implemented (e.g.,                     a Carbon Border
         Adjustment mechanism), as these industries face international competition.
         STIMULATE     GREEN HYDROGEN DEMAND AND USE IN THE HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE SECTOR
         Green    hydrogen 1s expected to play an important role in decarbonising the heavy-duty vehicle sector.
         However, this requires aligning policies that impact vehicles, fuels, infrastructure and customer
         choice. It 1s essential to complement supply policies (e.g. RED II) with demand policies to enable the
         simultaneous development of hydrogen heavy-duty vehicles (strengthening of the CO: standards), hydrogen
         re-fuelling infrastructure (review of the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive, TEN-E and TEN-T) and
         green hydrogen supply. Key mn creating demand for green hydrogen mn this sector 1s increasing the number of
         fuel-cell trucks on the road through mandates on Truck Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)
         combined with fiscal support to lower the Total Cost of Ownership for customers. In parallel, customer
         support measures such as tax rebates to encourage the uptake of hydrogen vehicles, financial support for
         retail sites construction, acceleration of permitting processes as well as policies to enable the development of
         the supply mfrastructure should be mn place.
         4.5     Supporting and flanking policy; supportive                         EU  policies
         NortH2 supports the EU’s Climate Neutrality objective for 2050 and the ambition to increase the 2030 GHG
         emissions target. As part of the Green Deal agenda, we welcome the EU Commissions Hydrogen Strategy
         (July 2020). It sets a clear direction of travel,      such  as  the ambitions    to have 6GW of installed        electrolysis
         capacity by 2024 and 40GW by 2030.
         In addition to those mentioned mn the          previous section,     the  following EU policies     are
                                                                                                                  important    for NortH?2:
              e
                    Funding: North? 1s a project that         -
                                                                 due to  its nature   and size —
                                                                                                 needs   more    policy   instruments than
                    solely public contributions to enable        investments. Time-limited subsidies         are  needed, similar   to  the
                    instruments that have been used        to stimulate the      rapid development     of offshore wind. We wish to
                   underline that the Resilience and       Recovery     Fund offers great potential, in particular for cross-border
                   large-scale projects      such as  NortH2 and we would welcome the Netherlands and Germany joining
                    forces under     an  IPCEI   project which mcludes       NortH2. We would also welcome the NL
                    Government        to explore  the other relevant   funding mechanisms        as well  as  the  possibilities becoming
                    available   as a  result of the review of the   Energy     and Environment      state aid  guidelines.
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<pre>13990841
               Swift  adoption of the RED-II delegated acts establishing flexible and market-based criteria for
               accounting of the renewable content of green hydrogen and demonstrating additionality.
               To enable the infrastructure, review of both TEN-E and TEN-T directives 1s important also as
               part of the fit for 55 package. These should enable the development of hydrogen infrastructure along
               core network corridors, support the retrofitting of existing cross border gas infrastructure (including
               storage facilities) to transport hydrogen. Next to that it should simplify the Project of Common
               Interest (PCI) selection processes that reflect the ambitions of the EU Green Deal by incorporating a
               sustamability dimension based on GHG emussions reduction potential. NortH2 needs a PCI status to
               be able to receive CEF funding.
               The Review of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID) should lead to the inclusion of
               hydrogen and hydrogen-based products and fuels as ‘mandatory’ fuels. Appropriate incentives should
               be in place at the European and national level (e.g. grants, subsidies, tax rebates) to support the
               construction of a hydrogen infrastructure network in strategic locations. The already existing co-
               funding and financing schemes such as Connecting Hurope Facility (CELE) should be further
               strengthened and provide greater funding for hydrogen.
               To enable the market, the upcoming decarbonized gas market reform should include principles for
               the trading of hydrogen such as unbundling; non-discrimimatory third-party access to network
               infrastructure; transparent and non-discriminatory tariffs for access to networks. It should also
               include a coherent classification system and an EU-wide system of Guarantees of Origin; based on
               the life-cycle GHG emissions that is consistent with the criteria defined in the taxonomy and
               Renewable Energy directive.
               Tax: the review of the EU     Energy Tax Directive should ensure that the European energy tax
               framework supports uptake of green hydrogen mn the EU. The review should not create obstacles but
               instead mcentivize activities such as hydrogen storage and electricity supply to electrolysers. For
               instance,  at the moment,   some  energy  tax regimes were designed without consideration of an energy
               product (e.g. electricity) being purchased   for conversion  to another retail energy product (e.g. gas),
                                     to “double” taxation. The review should ensure that
               potentially leading                                                          hydrogen is a separate energy
               carrier, taxed at a zero-ct. A general or partial tax break for tax on energy consumption in general or
               from the supplementary tax (ODL) to raise the SDE funds, could materially strengthen the business
               case for
                         green hydrogen.
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<pre>13990841
         5      Working together
         The energy transition forces           a   transformation of the energy system towards ultimately green electrons and
         green molecules, which will be predominantly hydrogen or hydrogen based. The hydrogen economy needs                                         to
         be built and there are only 30 years left to accomplish the redesign and meet the 2050 climate targets. This
         huge challenge also offers large opportunities for the Netherlands (and the Dutch economy) and seizing these
         opportunities will be instrumental in preserving the future earning power of the Dutch economy.
              =
                    The   production and distribution of green H2 will create thousands of jobs.1
              =
                    Green chemistry, adding value to green hydrogen molecules, presents a huge opportunity for                                 the
                    Dutch chemical mdustry, representing about 100,000 jobs.
              =
                    Specialized Dutch manufacturers are well positioned to deliver valuable components to the
                    renewable energy industry, representing (tens of) thousands of jobs.                      12
         The Netherlands 1s        uniquely positioned with large renewable low-cost offshore wind potential, a natural gas
         grid  that  can  be refurbished        at low-cost for
                                                                   hydrogen transportation, hydrogen storage potential, a large
         chemical     industry,   world-class       universities  and  researchers and large, capable companies willing to invest in
         and deliver the transformation.
         We   are at a
                         pont in time comparable to when we transformed our economy from coal-based to gas-based,
         with  one
                      major difference: we only have 30 years to accomplish the transition and an even smaller window to
         seize the   economic opportunities associated with it and turn the Netherlands nto a leading hydrogen
         economy.
         For the Netherlands        to meet      the climate ambitions       set in the Dutch Climate Accord and in the Dutch
         Hydrogen Strategy and realizing the associated hydrogen opportunity potential can only be accomplished (1)                                    if
         we accelerate and
                                 scale-up now and (11) if we go for innovative and effective public private collaboration.
         NortH2 1s      more   than    a
                                         project: it 1s a pathfinder, a proposal to kickstart the acceleration and scale-up                    of the
         hydrogen economy together: developers, TSOs, (industrial) customers and the government.
         Our   approach is to tackle the problem with the result in mind: what do we need to do now to develop the
         hydrogen economy to meet the 2050 climate challenge at the lowest cost to society? None of us has all the
         answers, but together we are confident we can tind them.
         NortH2 mvites the Dutch government to work together on developing that roadmap towards                                       an  mvestable
         public-private project to accelerate and scale up the hydrogen economy in NW Europe.
         Over the last     couple   of months, since the         announcement       of NortT2,       we   have   closely worked together with
         the Ministry     of Economic Affairs and Climate. A               relationship that could be mtensitied further to speed up the
         process. Energy       transition    1s  a  team  sport. Only by working together can we tackle the climate change
         challenges     and  realize   the  energy system of the future. Together we can make this happen and pave the way
         for a truly green future against the Paris timeline and at the lowest costs to society.
         11
            cg              "Werk door           waterstof©
                Delt Ea                  foens
            A     RE                 ;             es
                                                         dest    da:       ’
         Bat a    and Fr Dik (2020),
                            van              “The   Employment Impact of the NortH2 Project’, Ryksunwersiteit Groningen, in opdracht van Gasunie,/NortH2
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<pre>13990841
         List of abbreviations
         ‘Hydrogen’ taxonomy in this paper follows the EU taxonomy         as laid out in the EU Hydrogen Strategy    “A
         hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe’ (2020):
             =
                 ‘Renewable     hydrogen’, ‘clean hydrogen’ or ‘green hydrogen’ 1s hydrogen produced through the
                 electrolysis of water (in an electrolyser, powered by electricity), and with the electricity stemming
                 from renewable sources. The full life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the production of renewable
                 hydrogen are close to zero.
                 ‘Electricity-based hydrogen’ refers to hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of water (in an
             =
                 electrolyser, powered by electricity), regardless of the electricity source. The full life-cycle greenhouse
                 gas emissions of the production of electricity-based hydrogen depends on how the electricity 1s
                 produced
             "
                 ‘Low-carbon hydrogen’ encompasses fossil-based hydrogen with carbon capture and electricity-
                 based hydrogen, with significantly reduced full life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to
                 existing hydrogen production.
          AFID                 Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive
          CAPEX                Capital Expenditure
          EC                   Huropean    Commission
          ECCM                 Elektrochemie Conversie     en Materialen
          ENTSO                Furopean    Network of Transmission    System
          EPC                  Engineering and Procurement Company
          ETS                  Furopean Tradmg System
          EU                   European    Union
          FEED                 Front-End    Engineering and Design
          FID                  Final Investment Decision
          GHG                  Green House (Gas
          GoO                  Guarantees of Origin
          GW                   Gigawatt
          HV                   High-Voltage (Grid)
          IPCEI                Important Project of Common European          Interest
          LCOH                 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen
          MEAC                 Ministry of Economic     Affairs and Climate
          MKB                  Midden   en  Klein Bedryf
          MTPA                 Million tonnes  per  annum
          MW                   Megawatt
          (N)NL                (North-)Netherlands
          NW                   North West
          ODE                  Opslag Duurzame Energie
          OEM                  Orngmal Equipment Manufacturer
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<pre>13990841
          OPEX                     Operational Expenditure
          PEM                      Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (Electrolysis)
          RCR                      Rijkscoordmatie Regeling
          RED                      Renewable    Energy Directive
          SDE                      Stimulering Duurzame Energieproductie
          TEN                      Trans-Furopean Transport     Network
          TSO                      Transmission    System Operator
         In case    of questions    please   reach   out to:
                          (Shell)
         CEES              cell com     or i   (10)(2e) |
             (10)(2e)       (Gasunie)
                                           ISRO
          COPD        oosunic.nl or
                (10)(2e)
                                (Shell)
             We)             ashell.com    or     (10)(2e)
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